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Can aposematic signals evolve by gradual change?

机译：客观信号会随着逐渐变化而演化吗？

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摘要

Aposematic species, which signal conspicuously of their unprofit-ability to predators, have puzzled evolutionary biologists for over a century. Although conspicuousness of unpalatable prey improves avoidance learning by predators, it also involves an evolutionary paradox: with increasing detectability the deviant aposematic prey would suffer high predation initially from naive predators. Here we test a neglected idea that aposematic coloration may evolve by gradual change rather than by major mutations. Weak signals did not suffer high initial predation, but predators (great tits, Parus major) did not learn to separate them from cryptic palatable prey. Furthermore, enhanced avoidance of more conspicuous signals occurred only if predators had previously encountered relatively strong signals. Thus, the gradual-change hypothesis does not provide an easy solution to the initial evolution of aposematism through predator learning. However, the possibility remains that cost-free step-wise mutations over the range of weak signals could accumulate under neutral selection to produce effective strong signals.
机译：惯性物种向掠食者发出明显的非营利能力信号，使进化生物学家困惑了一个多世纪。尽管令人不快的猎物的明显性改善了食肉动物的回避学习，但它也涉及进化悖论：随着可检测性的提高，异常的姿势性猎物最初会遭受天真的食肉动物的高度捕食。在这里，我们测试了一个被忽略的想法，即无定色可能是通过逐渐变化而不是主要突变来演变的。弱信号没有遭受高的初始捕食，但是捕食者（大山雀，帕鲁斯犬）没有学会将它们与神秘的可食猎物区分开。此外，仅当掠食者先前曾遇到过相对较强的信号时，才可以增强避免更多明显的信号。因此，渐进变化假说不能通过捕食者学习提供简单的解决方案，以解决吸脂症的最初演变。但是，仍然有可能在中性选择下累积微弱信号范围内的无成本逐步突变，以产生有效的强信号。

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