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The origin of spinifex texture in komatiites

机译:科马蒂岩中菠菜质地的起源

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摘要

Komatiites are high-temperature, fluid, magnesium-rich lavas typically of Archaean age. A striking characteristic feature of such lavas is 'spinifex' texture—plate-like crystals of olivine ((Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4), millimetres to decimetres long, in a fine-grained matrix of spherulitic clinopyroxene (Ca(Mg,Fe,Al)(Si,Al)_2O_6), dendritic chromite ((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)_2O_4) and altered glass. Sheaves of olivine crystals can reach lengths exceeding one metre, even in komatiite flows less than 10 metres thick, in sharp contrast to the millimetre-scale post-eruption growth of crystals in more common volcanic rocks. Crystal growth of this magnitude might be a consequence of the high content of the constituent elements of olivine in komatiitic liquid, combined with the low viscosity and high chemical diffusivity of the lavas. But flows lacking spinifex texture are not uncommon, and those with such texture often contain substantial amounts of submillimetre olivine crystals of unremarkable appearance, so chemical considerations alone do not appear to provide a sufficient explanation. Here we present evidence that spinifex texture develops as a result of large thermal gradients, coupled with conductive and radiative heat transfer within olivine crystals fixed in the cool upper layers of the lava flows. This mode of growth has features in common with the high-temperature techniques used to grow large synthetic single crystals, but is rarely considered in geological contexts.
机译:科马蒂岩是高温,流体,富含镁的熔岩,典型地是古生代。这种熔岩的显着特征是'spinifex'质地-片状橄榄石((Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4)的晶体,长至毫米至十亿分之一,呈细粒的球状辉石(Ca(Mg,Fe,Al )(Si,Al)_2O_6),树枝状亚铬酸盐((Mg,Fe)(Cr,Al,Fe)_2O_4)和蚀变玻璃。即使在小于10米厚的科马提岩流中,橄榄石晶体的束也可以达到超过一米的长度,这与更常见的火山岩中毫米级的喷发后晶体生长形成鲜明对比。这种晶体大小的增长可能是由于火山岩液体中橄榄石的组成元素含量高,加上熔岩的低粘度和高化学扩散性造成的。但是,缺乏刺状结构的流体并不少见,并且具有这种结构的流体通常包含大量亚毫米级的橄榄石晶体,这些晶体的外观并不明显,因此,仅从化学方面考虑并不能提供充分的解释。在这里,我们提供的证据表明,由于大的热梯度,以及固定在熔岩流的较冷层中的橄榄石晶体内的传导和辐射热传递,形成了尖晶石织构。这种生长方式具有与用于生长大型合成单晶的高温技术相同的特征,但在地质环境中很少考虑。

著录项

  • 来源
    《Nature》 |1999年第6721期|p.691-694|共4页
  • 作者

    Mark Shore; Anthony D. Fowler;

  • 作者单位
  • 收录信息 美国《科学引文索引》(SCI);美国《工程索引》(EI);美国《生物学医学文摘》(MEDLINE);美国《化学文摘》(CA);
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 自然科学总论;
  • 关键词

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