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Cultures in chimpanzees

机译：黑猩猩的文化

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As an increasing number of field studies of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have achieved long-term status across Africa, differences in the behavioural repertoires described have become apparent that suggest there is significant cultural variation. Here we present a systematic synthesis of this information from the seven most long-term studies, which together have accumulated 151 years of chimpanzee observation. This comprehensive analysis reveals patterns of variation that are far more extensive than have previously been documented for any animal species except humans. We find that 39 different behaviour patterns, including tool usage, grooming and courtship behaviours, are customary or habitual in some communities but are absent in others where ecological explanations have been discounted. Among mammalian and avian species, cultural variation has previously been identified only for single behaviour patterns, such as the local dialects of song-birds. The extensive, multiple variations now documented for chimpanzees are thus without parallel. Moreover, the combined repertoire of these behaviour patterns in each chimpanzee community is itself highly distinctive, a phenomenon characteristic of human cultures but previously unrecognised in non-human species.
机译：随着越来越多的非洲黑猩猩（Pan穴居动物）的田间研究在非洲取得长期地位，上述行为举止的差异变得明显，表明存在显着的文化差异。在这里，我们从七项最长期的研究中系统总结了这些信息，这些研究共积累了151年的黑猩猩观测资料。这项全面的分析揭示了变异模式，其范围远比以前任何人类以外的动物物种所记录的范围大。我们发现，在某些社区中，习惯性或习惯性是39种不同的行为模式，包括工具使用，修饰和求爱行为，而在其他社区中则不存在，而生态学解释被忽略了。在哺乳动物和鸟类物种中，以前仅针对单一行为模式（例如鸣禽的当地方言）就已经确定了文化变异。因此，现在记录的黑猩猩的广泛而多样的变化是没有平行的。此外，在每个黑猩猩群落中，这些行为模式的组合曲目本身是非常独特的，这是人类文化的一种特征现象，但以前在非人类物种中是无法识别的。

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