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Seeing a single photon without destroying it

机译：看到单个光子而不破坏它

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摘要

Light detection is usually a destructive process, in that detectors annihilate photons and convert them into electrical signals, making it impossible to see a single photon twice. But this limitation is not fundamental—quantum non-demolition strategies permit repeated measurements of physically observable quantities, yielding identical results. For example, quantum non-demolition measurements of light intensity have been demonstrated, suggesting possibilities for detecting weak forces and gravitational waves. But such experiments, based on nonlinear optics, are sensitive only to macroscopic photon fluxes. The non-destructive measurement of a single photon requires an extremely strong matter-radiation coupling; this can be realized in cavity quantum electrodynamics, where the strength of the interaction between an atom and a photon can overwhelm all dissipative couplings to the environment. Here we report a cavity quantum electrodynamics experiment in which we detect a single photon non-destructively. We use atomic interferometry to measure the phase shift in an atomic wavefunction, caused by a cycle of photon absorption and emission. Our method amounts to a restricted quantum non-demolition measurement which can be applied only to states containing one or zero photons. It may lead to quantum logic gates based on cavity quantum electrodynamics, and multi-atom entanglement.
机译：光检测通常是一个破坏性的过程，因为检测器会歼灭光子并将其转换为电信号，从而使一个光子两次看不见。但是这种限制不是根本性的-量子非拆卸策略允许重复测量物理上可观察到的量，从而产生相同的结果。例如，已经证明了光强度的量子非爆破测量，这暗示了检测弱力和引力波的可能性。但是，这种基于非线性光学的实验仅对宏观光子通量敏感。单个光子的无损测量需要非常强的物质-辐射耦合。这可以在腔量子电动力学中实现，其中原子与光子之间相互作用的强度可以压倒所有与环境的耗散耦合。在这里，我们报告了一个腔量子电动力学实验，其中我们无损地检测了一个光子。我们使用原子干涉术来测量由光子吸收和发射的循环引起的原子波函数中的相移。我们的方法相当于有限的量子不爆破测量，该测量只能应用于包含一个或零个光子的状态。它可能导致基于腔量子电动力学和多原子纠缠的量子逻辑门。

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