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Similarities between the growth dynamics of university research and of competitive economic activities

机译：大学研究与竞争性经济活动的增长动力之间的相似性

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摘要

Quantifying the dynamics of research activities is of considerable current interest, not least because of recent changes in research and development (R&D) funding. Here we quantify and analyse university research activities, and compare their growth dynamics with those of business firms. Our study involves the analysis of five distinct databases, the largest of which is a National Science Foundation database of the R&D expenditures in science and engineering for a 17-year period (1979-95) in 719 United States universities. We find that the distribution of growth rates displays a 'universal' form that does not depend on the size of the university or on the measure of size used; and the width of this distribution decays with size as a power law. These findings are quantitatively similar to those of business firms, and so are consistent with the hypothesis that the growth dynamics of complex organizations are governed by universal mechanisms. One possible explanation for these similarities is that the combination of peer review and government direction leads to an outcome similar to that induced by market forces (where the analogues of peer review and government direction are, respectively, consumer evaluation and product regulation).
机译：当前，对研究活动的动态进行量化非常重要，这不仅是由于研究与开发（R＆D）资金的最新变化。在这里，我们量化和分析大学的研究活动，并将其增长动力与商业公司的动力进行比较。我们的研究涉及五个不同数据库的分析，其中最大的一个是国家科学基金会的719个美国大学在17年内（1979-95年）的科学与工程研发支出的数据库。我们发现，增长率的分布呈现出一种“通用”形式，它并不取决于大学的规模或所用规模的度量。并且此分布的宽度随幂律的大小而衰减。这些发现在数量上与商业公司相似，因此与以下假设一致：复杂组织的增长动力受普遍机制支配。对于这些相似性的一种可能解释是，同行评审和政府指导的结合会导致类似于市场力量所导致的结果（同行评审和政府指导的类似之处分别是消费者评估和产品监管）。

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