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Increased stratospheric ozone depletion due to mountain-induced atmospheric waves

机译：由于山地引起的大气波，平流层臭氧消耗增加

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Chemical reactions on polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) particles are responsible for the production of reactive chlorine species (chlorine 'activation') which cause ozone destruction. Gas-phase deactivation of these chlorine species can take several weeks in the Arctic winter stratosphere, so that ozone destruction can be sustained even in air parcels that encounter PSCs only intermittently. Chlorine activation during a PSC encounter proceeds much faster at low temperatures when cloud particle surface area and heterogeneous reaction rates are higher. Although mountain-induced atmospheric gravity waves are known to cause local reductions in stratospheric temperature of as much as 10-15 K (refs 5-9), and are often associated with mesoscale PSCs, their effect on chlorine activation and ozone depletion has not been considered. Here we describe aircraft observations of mountain-wave-induced mesoscale PSCs in which temperatures were 12 K lower than expected synoptically. Model calculations show that despite their localized nature, these PSCs can cause almost complete conversion of inactive chlorine species to ozone-destroying forms in air flowing through the clouds. Using a global mountain-wave model, we identify regions where mountain waves can develop, and show that they can cause frequent chlorine activation of air in the Arctic stratosphere. Such mesoscale processes offer a possible explanation for the under-prediction of reactive chlorine concentrations and ozone deple- tion rates calculated by three-dimensional models of the Arctic stratosphere.
机译：极地平流层云（PSC）粒子上的化学反应负责产生反应性氯物质（氯“活化”），从而破坏臭氧。这些氯物质的气相失活在北极冬季的平流层中可能要花费数周的时间，因此即使在间歇性遇到PSC的包裹中，臭氧破坏也能持续进行。当云颗粒表面积和异质反应速率较高时，PSC遇到的氯活化在低温下进行得更快。尽管已知山地引起的大气重力波会导致平流层温度局部降低多达10-15 K（参考文献5-9），并且通常与中尺度PSC有关，但它们对氯活化和臭氧消耗的影响尚未发现考虑过的。在这里，我们描述了飞机观测到的山波引起的中尺度PSC，其中温度比合模的预期低12K。模型计算表明，尽管这些PSC具有局部性，但它们可以在流经云层的空气中几乎完全将非活性氯物种转化为破坏臭氧的形式。使用全球性山浪模型，我们确定了山浪可以发展的区域，并表明它们可以导致北极平流层中的空气频繁发生氯活化。这种中等规模的过程为对北极平流层三维模型所计算出的活性氯浓度和臭氧消耗速率的低估提供了可能的解释。

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