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The biosynthetic pathway of vitamin C in higher plants.

机译:高等植物中维生素C的生物合成途径。

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Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) has important antioxidant and metabolic functions in both plants and animals, but humans, and a few other animal species, have lost the capacity to synthesize it. Plant-derived ascorbate is thus the major source of vitamin C in the human diet. Although the biosynthetic pathway of L-ascorbic acid in animals is well understood, the plant pathway has remained unknown-one of the few primary plant metabolic pathways for which this is the case. L-ascorbate is abundant in plants (found at concentrations of 1-5 mM in leaves and 25 mM in chloroplasts) and may have roles in photosynthesis and transmembrane electron transport. We found that D-mannose and L-galactose are efficient precursors for ascorbate synthesis and are interconverted by GDP-D-mannose-3,5-epimerase. We have identified an enzyme in pea and Arabidopsis thaliana, L-galactose dehydrogenase, that catalyses oxidation of L-galactose to L-galactono-1,4-lactone. We propose an ascorbate biosynthesis pathway involving GDP-D-mannose, GDP-L-galactose, L-galactose and L-galactono-1,4-lactone, and have synthesized ascorbate from GDP-D-mannose by way of these intermediates in vitro. The definition of this biosynthetic pathway should allow engineering of plants for increased ascorbate production, thus increasing their nutritional value and stress tolerance.
机译:维生素C(L-抗坏血酸)在动植物中均具有重要的抗氧化和代谢功能,但人类和其他一些动物物种却失去了合成维生素C的能力。因此,植物来源的抗坏血酸是人类饮食中维生素C的主要来源。尽管已经很好地了解了动物体内L-抗坏血酸的生物合成途径,但植物途径仍是未知的-这是少数几种主要的植物代谢途径之一。 L-抗坏血酸在植物中含量很高(在叶片中的浓度为1-5 mM,在叶绿体中的浓度为25 mM),并且可能在光合作用和跨膜电子传递中起作用。我们发现D-甘露糖和L-半乳糖是抗坏血酸合成的有效前体,并通过GDP-D-甘露糖-3,5-表异构酶相互转化。我们在豌豆和拟南芥中鉴定了一种酶L-半乳糖脱氢酶,该酶催化L-半乳糖氧化为L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯。我们提出了一种涉及GDP-D-甘露糖,GDP-L-半乳糖,L-半乳糖和L-半乳糖-1,4-内酯的抗坏血酸生物合成途径,并已通过体外这些中间体从GDP-D-甘露糖合成了抗坏血酸。 。这种生物合成途径的定义应允许对植物进行改造以增加抗坏血酸的产生,从而增加其营养价值和胁迫耐受性。

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