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Synthesizing ecological and human use information to understand and manage coastal change

机译：综合生态和人类使用信息以了解和管理沿海变化

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摘要

Coastal systems are constantly in flux, and feedback from monitoring is necessary to support decision making for effective sustainable natural resource management. Frequently natural resources are the ultimate target of management actions, but management programs work through the proximate step of regulating human behavior towards those resources. For example, a marine reserve is considered a conservation success when the abundance and diversity of organisms increase within reserve boundaries, all relative to existing trends that would have affected ecological communities in the absence of a reserve. Biological monitoring can assesses whether reserve management achieves these goals. However, when monitoring data are inconclusive or do not match expectations, managers face uncertainty in understanding why particular biological patterns occurred, whether a reserve is a biologically appropriate management strategy for the system, and what steps to take moving forward. Monitoring human behavior can provide information that may alleviate some uncertainty and help explain observed biological patterns. In this study we illustrate the utility of complimenting biological monitoring data with monitoring of human behavior. We used a before-after control-impact analysis to test for effects of a no-take reserve in the Gulf of California, Mexico on the density and biomass of seven fished species. We failed to detect a positive biological effect of the reserve, and found the density of five monitored species had declined. These results indicated that the reserve was not succeeding, but provided no insight into why. Evaluation of recreational angler use of the reserve provided a possible explanation: first, the frequency of angler visits to the study area was increasing over time. Second, the reserve reduced the propensity of anglers to visit the reserve, but not by enough to offset the overall increasing visitation trend. Biological and human use monitoring results in tandem indicated that a reserve could potentially be an effective conservation tool for the system, and allowed us to suggest modifications that could help the reserve succeed. Our work illustrates the necessity of monitoring human use changes alongside biological responses to a reserve for a holistic portrait of reserve functioning, providing a concrete example of the importance of human behavioral aspects of marine reserve success.
机译：沿海系统不断变化，监测的反馈对于支持有效的可持续自然资源管理决策是必要的。通常，自然资源是管理行动的最终目标，但是管理程序通过对这些资源进行人类行为调节的最接近步骤来工作。例如，当保护区边界内的生物数量和多样性增加时，海洋保护区就被认为是成功的保护措施，所有这些都与在没有保护区的情况下会影响生态社区的现有趋势有关。生物监测可以评估储备管理是否实现了这些目标。但是，当监测数据不确定或不符合预期时，管理人员将面临不确定性，难以理解为什么会出现特定的生物模式，储备是否是该系统的生物学上适当的管理策略以及应采取哪些步骤。监视人类行为可以提供减轻某些不确定性的信息，并有助于解释观察到的生物学模式。在这项研究中，我们说明了补充生物监测数据与监测人类行为的效用。我们使用了前后对照影响分析来测试墨西哥湾中无捕捞量对七个鱼类物种密度和生物量的影响。我们未能检测到该保护区的积极生物学效应，发现五个受监测物种的密度下降了。这些结果表明，储备金没有成功，但没有提供原因的见解。对休闲垂钓者对自然保护区利用的评估提供了一种可能的解释：首先，垂钓者访问研究区域的频率随时间增加。第二，保护区减少了垂钓者访问保护区的倾向，但不足以抵消总体增加的访问量趋势。生物和人类使用监测结果相继表明，保护区可能是该系统的有效保护工具，并允许我们提出有助于保护区成功的修改建议。我们的工作说明了对人类使用变化进行监控以及对保护区进行生物反应以实现保护区功能整体肖像的必要性，从而提供了人类行为对海洋保护区成功的重要性的具体示例。

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