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The stealing of the seashore as a second wave of the enclosure movement: Examples from the Mediterranean

机译：围海运动的第二波偷海潮：地中海的例子

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摘要

The liminal space between the land and the sea has become a space which facilitates society's understanding regarding the notion of the commons. By commons in this case we refer to the cultural and natural resources which are held or produced in common and are accessible to all members of a society. They have no official legal status particularly in the Western societies as physical space is defined as either public or private property. The commons are enclosed during times of crisis, and transformed into private property. The first wave of enclosures intensified in England around the 17th century and in the rest of Western Europe around the 19th century – a process which social historians and commons theorists attribute to the changes in the relations between society, land and property. In this paper the proposition that the seashore is analogous to the common lands of the past is put forward, and current attempts for privatization and commercial exploitation of the seashore can be understood as a modern wave of enclosure. By referring to theories and existing literature linked with the commons, enclosures and Lefebvre's understanding of space, this paper explores the links and the analogies between the first wave of enclosures (common lands) and the more recent second wave focusing on the seashore in three Mediterranean countries, namely Lebanon, Greece and the Republic of Cyprus. With regards to the second enclosure in particular, attention is given to the policy tools which are being put forward so that the seashore's enhanced economic potential can be fully exploited. The first enclosures in the studied countries created a large pool of small land-owners and thus a specific conception of land and private property as an important feature of land. Nevertheless, there is still societal opposition to the enclosure of the seashore, something which can be linked to society's experiences and the conception of the seashore as a commons.
机译：陆地与海洋之间的边界空间已成为促进社会对公地概念的理解的空间。在这种情况下，“公地”是指共同拥有或生产的，可供社会所有成员使用的文化和自然资源。它们没有正式的法律地位，尤其是在西方社会，因为物理空间被定义为公共财产或私有财产。在危机时期，公地被封闭起来，并转变为私有财产。第一次围封浪潮在17世纪前后在英国加剧，在19世纪前后在西欧其他地区激增-社会历史学家和公地理论家将这一过程归因于社会，土地和财产之间关系的变化。在本文中提出了与过去的普通土地相似的海滨主张，并且当前对海滨进行私有化和商业开发的尝试可以理解为现代的围护浪潮。通过参考与公地，围墙和勒费弗尔对空间的理解有关的理论和现有文献，本文探索了第一围墙（普通土地）和最近第二次围墙（关注地中海三个沿海地区）之间的联系和类比。国家，即黎巴嫩，希腊和塞浦路斯共和国。特别是对于第二封闭区域，要注意正在提出的政策工具，以便可以充分利用沿海地区增强的经济潜力。在所研究的国家中，第一个圈地产生了大量的小土地所有者，因此对土地和私有财产的特定概念是土地的重要特征。然而，仍然存在着社会上反对将沿海地区封闭的反对意见，这可以与社会的经验和将沿海地区视为公地的观念联系起来。

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