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Assessment and management of cumulative impacts in California's network of marine protected areas

机译：评估和管理加利福尼亚海洋保护区网络中的累积影响

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In response to concerns about human impacts to coastal ecosystems, conservationists and practitioners are increasingly turning to networks of marine protected areas (MPAs). Although MPAs manage for fishing pressure, many species and habitats in MPAs remain exposed to a multitude of stressors, including stressors from global climate change and regional land-and ocean-based activities. To support the adaptive management of MPAs that are subject to multiple interacting stressors, coastal managers need to understand the potential impacts from other single and multiple stressors. To demonstrate how this can be done, we quantify and map cumulative impacts resulting from multiple stressors to California's network of MPAs, using a widely available cumulative impacts Mapping tool. Among individual stressors, those related to climate, including ocean acidification, UV radiation increases, and SST anomalies, were found to have the most intense impacts, especially on surface waters and in the rocky intertidal. Climate stressors are challenging to limit at the local MPA scale, but intense land-and ocean based impacts that were found to affect a majority of MPAs, such as sediment increases, invasive species, organic pollutants and pollution from shipping and ports, may be more easily regulated at a regional or local scale. This is especially relevant for South and Central coast MPAs where these impacts are the greatest on beaches, tidal flats, and coastal marshes. Accounting for curnulative impacts from these and other stressors when developing monitoring and management plans in California and across the world, would help to improve the efficacy of MPAs. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：为了回应人们对沿海生态系统影响的关注，保护主义者和从业人员越来越多地转向海洋保护区网络。尽管海洋保护区解决了捕捞压力，但海洋保护区中的许多物种和生境仍然面临多种压力，包括全球气候变化和区域陆地和海洋活动带来的压力。为了支持受多个交互压力源的MPA的自适应管理，沿海管理人员需要了解其他单个和多个压力源的潜在影响。为了演示如何做到这一点，我们使用广泛使用的累积影响映射工具，将多个压力源产生的累积影响量化并映射到加利福尼亚州的MPA网络。在单个压力源中，与气候有关的压力，包括海洋酸化，紫外线辐射增加和海表温度异常，被发现影响最大，特别是对地表水和潮间带岩石。气候压力因素难以限制在当地的MPA范围内，但是发现影响大部分MPA的强烈陆海影响（如沉积物增加，入侵物种，有机污染物以及船舶和港口的污染）可能更多易于在区域或地方范围内进行监管。这对于南部和中部海岸MPA尤其重要，因为这些影响对海滩，潮滩和沿海沼泽影响最大。在加利福尼亚州和全球范围内制定监测和管理计划时，考虑到这些压力和其他压力产生的有益影响，将有助于提高MPA的效力。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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