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Combined impacts of natural and human disturbances on rocky shore communities

机译：自然和人为干扰对岩石海岸社区的综合影响

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Most ecosystems are subject to both natural and human disturbances that can combine to influence populations and assemblages in complex ways. Assessing the relative influences and combined impacts of natural and human disturbance is crucial for managing human uses of ecosystems against the backdrop of their natural variability. We evaluated the separate and combined influences of disturbance from storm waves and disturbance associated with human trampling of rocky shores by conducting an experiment mimicking controlled levels of trampling at sites with different wave exposures, and before and after a major storm event in central California, USA. Results show that trampling and storm waves affected the same taxa and have comparable and additive effects on rocky shore assemblages. Both disturbance types caused significant reduction in percent cover of mussels and erect macroalgae, and resulted in significant re-organization of assemblages associated with these habitat-forming taxa. A single extreme storm event caused similar percent cover losses of mussels and erect macroalgae as did 6 12 months of trampling. Contrary to a predicted synergistic effect of trampling and storm damage, we found that impacts from each disturbance combined additively. Mussel beds in wave-exposed sites are more vulnerable to trampling impacts than algal beds at protected sites. Mussels and erect macroalgae recovered within five years after trampling stopped. These results suggest that impacts from local human use can be reversed in relatively short time frames, and that cumulative impacts can be reduced by setting recreational carrying capacities more conservatively when ecosystems are already exposed to frequent and/or intense natural disturbances. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：大多数生态系统都受到自然和人为因素的干扰，这些因素可以综合起来以复杂的方式影响种群和种群。评估自然和人为干扰的相对影响和综合影响对于在自然变异的背景下管理人类对生态系统的利用至关重要。我们通过在美国加州中部发生重大风暴事件之前和之后进行了模拟在不同波浪暴露地点的踩踏受控水平的实验，评估了风暴波干扰和与人类践踏多岩石海岸相关的干扰的单独和综合影响。结果表明，践踏和风暴波影响相同的分类单元，并对岩岸组合具有可比的累加效应。两种干扰类型均导致贻贝和直立大型藻类的覆盖率显着降低，并导致与这些形成栖息地的分类群相关的组合的显着重组。一次极端风暴事件造成的贻贝和直立大型藻类的覆盖损失百分比与6 12个月的践踏事件相似。与预期的践踏和风暴破坏的协同效应相反，我们发现每种干扰的影响加在一起。与受保护地点的藻类床相比，受潮地点的贻贝床更容易受到践踏的影响。践踏停止后的五年内，贻贝和直立的大型藻类恢复了。这些结果表明，可以在相对较短的时间范围内逆转当地人类使用的影响，并且当生态系统已经受到频繁和/或强烈的自然干扰时，可以通过更保守地设置娱乐能力来减少累积影响。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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