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Sensitivity considerations and the impact of spatial scaling for storm surge modeling in wetlands of the Mid-Atlantic region

机译：中大西洋地区湿地的风暴潮建模的敏感性考虑因素和空间尺度的影响

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Among the many activities in the recent efforts to evaluate coastal resiliency is the study of the capacity of wetlands and coastal marshes to attenuate storm surge. The development of an acceptable index or attenuation rate for coastal flooding is complicated by the many factors that contribute to maximum surge elevation, inundation extent and duration, including storm characteristics (e.g. track, size, forward speed, duration, central low pressure) and local features including topo-bathymetry, land-cover, barrier islands, channels, lagoons and inlets. For this study, we investigated the impact of spatial scaling, mesh resolution, storm characteristics and bottom friction on storm surge in wetland areas in the barrier island system of the Delmarva Peninsula using the coupled hydrodynamic-wave model (ADCIRC + SWAN). Synthetic storms derived from hindcasts of historical storms affecting this region were used for model forcing through multi resolution meshes recreating the complex wetland areas exposed to varying degrees of ocean surge through natural breaks in the barrier islands. Sensitivity to mesh resolution and bottom friction were evaluated for regional attributes and storm characteristics, confirming the results of previous studies. Results suggest inlet configuration and exposure to ocean surge are dominant factors for surge propagation through small scale wetlands and barrier island systems for weak to moderate storms. Attenuation rates observed for weaker storms, were influenced secondarily by the complex geometry of channels, lagoons and the presence and continuity of marshes. Results evaluating greater surge produced by stronger storms, even of less than a meter of storm surge increase, indicate that the mitigating impacts of local features are greatly diminished. Our results indicate that although the back bays systems in.the Delmarva Peninsula and similar ecosystems in the US East Coast could provide storm surge attenuation for annual storm events, its use in coastal engineering protection may require a case by case analysis due to the high dependence on local characteristics. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：在近期评估沿海弹性的众多活动中，有一项研究是研究湿地和沿海沼泽地减弱风暴潮的能力。沿海洪灾的可接受指标或衰减率的发展因许多因素而变得复杂，这些因素会导致最大浪涌高度，淹没程度和持续时间，包括风暴特征（例如，风道，大小，前进速度，持续时间，中央低压）和局部功能包括地形测深，土地覆盖，屏障岛，航道，泻湖和入口。在这项研究中，我们使用耦合水动力波模型（ADCIRC + SWAN）研究了德尔马瓦半岛屏障岛系统中湿地地区的空间尺度，网格分辨率，风暴特征和底部摩擦对风暴潮的影响。来自影响该地区的历史风暴后兆的合成风暴被用于通过多分辨率网格进行模型强迫，从而重建了复杂的湿地区域，这些自然湿地区域通过屏障岛的自然破坏暴露于不同程度的海浪。对网格分辨率和底部摩擦的敏感性进行了区域属性和风暴特征评估，证实了先前的研究结果。结果表明，进水口的构造和对海洋浪潮的暴露是浪潮通过小规模湿地和屏障岛系统传播浪潮的主要因素，对于弱到中度的风暴。其次，较弱风暴的衰减率受通道，泻湖的复杂几何形状以及沼泽的存在和连续性的影响。评估更强风暴产生的更大潮气的结果，甚至不到一米的风暴潮增加量，都表明局部特征的缓解影响已大大减小。我们的结果表明，尽管Delmarva半岛的后湾系统和美国东海岸的类似生态系统可以为每年的风暴事件提供风暴潮衰减，但由于其高度依赖性，在沿海工程保护中的使用可能需要逐案分析地方特色。 （C）2016 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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