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Overview of erosion and beach quality issues in three Southern European countries: Portugal, Spain and Italy

机译：南欧三个国家（葡萄牙，西班牙和意大利）的侵蚀和海滩质量问题概述

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摘要

Climate change and intensive coastal development place beaches under significant pressures, both natural and anthropogenic. Coastal erosion and deterioration of beach quality decrease the attractiveness of coastal areas leading to economic impacts. The societal response to these issues has resulted in application of hard/soft engineering methods to mitigate erosion and provision of quality awards to support the recreational beach value. This paper reviews the approaches to erosion and beach quality issues in three Southern European (Portugal, Spain and Italy) countries, discusses effectiveness of the approaches, and analyses the impacts of applied approaches on environmental quality and human welfare. An analysis of used management approaches demonstrates the inefficiency of hard measures to stop erosion and their negative impact on environmental quality. Such management approaches have been used as an emergency response to problems, and were not supported by the adequate knowledge of possible consequences. In contrast, successful experiences in application of soft methods allowed preservation of the natural status of beaches and improvement of tourism quality. Beach quality awards allowed to fulfil tourism requirements and promoted a good image of beaches. Examples of good and bad practices contribute to proper onsite management, and thereby encourage sustainable development of coastal areas. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
机译：气候变化和密集的沿海开发使海滩承受着巨大的自然和人为压力。沿海侵蚀和海滩质量恶化降低了沿海地区的吸引力，从而导致了经济影响。社会对这些问题的反应已导致采用硬/软工程方法来减轻侵蚀，并提供质量奖励以支持休闲海滩的价值。本文回顾了南欧三个国家（葡萄牙，西班牙和意大利）解决侵蚀和海滩质量问题的方法，讨论了方法的有效性，并分析了应用方法对环境质量和人类福祉的影响。对二手管理方法的分析表明，采取有效措施阻止侵蚀的效率低下，并且对环境质量产生负面影响。此类管理方法已被用作对问题的紧急响应，并且对可能的后果没有足够的了解。相反，在应用软方法方面的成功经验可以保护海滩的自然状况并提高旅游质量。海滩质量奖可以满足旅游需求并提升海滩的良好形象。良好和不良做法的例子有助于适当的现场管理，从而鼓励沿海地区的可持续发展。 （C）2015 Elsevier Ltd.保留所有权利。

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