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Territorial user rights for artisanal fisheries in Chile - intended and unintended outcomes

机译：智利手工渔业的地区使用者权利-预期和未预期的结果

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摘要

Granting property rights in fisheries is assumed to provide incentives for sustainable resource exploitation. These rights might also open other income options for fishers, including some that go beyond the original objectives intended by authorities establishing the right. The opportunity for alternative uses is especially high if the details of these rights are not clearly identified. In Chile, a de novo TURF (Territorial User Rights for Fishery) system, called Management Exploitation Areas for Benthic Resources (Areas de Manejo y Explotacion de Recursos Bentonicos-AMERB) was created to achieve sustainable exploitation of benthic resources. This study compares two small-scale fishing communities in Chile, Guayacan and Huentelauquen, representing two typical contrasting settings, regarding geographical contexts and surroundings, origin, history, location, social embeddedness, main fisheries activities as well as the motivation and the process through which they acquired their AMERB. While in Guayacan the main fishing activity outside the AMERB is the giant squid and finfish fishery, in Huentelauquen the main and traditional activity has been diving for benthic resources. The objectives to acquire their AMERBs were different in both cases. Huentelauquen applied the AMERB for their traditional activity, the fishery of Concholepas concholepas ("loco"), thus in accordance with the official objective of the AMERB. Due to reduced catches of loco, fishers also added the collection of kelps, using their AMERB to control access to the entire coast surrounding their fishing community, beyond the limits of their AMERB. In Guayacan the AMERB, applied for the management of scallops and a species of red algae, began to be used for sea squirt aquaculture. Within the framework of sustainable fisheries implied by the AMERBs, there was in both cases a clear expectation to gain new sources of income. However with time both AMERBs are being used as a tool for territorial exclusion of other fishers beyond the limits of their respective AMERBs. In Huentelauquen fishers mention mostly negative aspects about the performance of their AMERB, given the poor economic results, being unsatisfied with the AMERB system in general, because they feel that the system disrupted their traditional migration along the coast. In Guayacan, fishers mentioned mostly positive aspects for their AMERB, as it was an opportunity to add new activities. Both examples show that rights-based management approaches are very attractive; they could promote new uses or developments, whose sustainability nevertheless needs to be analyzed further. The analyzed case studies show that, contrary to how the system was developed in Chile, a more bottom-up implementation of new management arrangements may make it easier to agree on common objectives, and/or leave more freedom for fishers to adjust and arrange their livelihood. Considering the importance the AMERBs have acquired for fishers, these kinds of systems need flexible regulations in order that fishers can adapt the system to local traditions, uses or needs and also to their learning and adapting capacities.
机译：假定在渔业中授予财产权可为可持续资源开发提供激励。这些权利可能还会为渔民带来其他收入选择，包括超出确立该权利的当局原定目标的某些选择。如果这些权利的细节未明确确定，则替代用途的机会特别高。在智利，建立了一个称为渔业区域使用权的从头TURF（渔业底栖动物管理开发区）系统（Areas de Manejo和Explotacion de Recursos Bentonicos-AMERB），以实现对底栖生物资源的可持续利用。这项研究比较了智利的两个小规模捕捞社区瓜亚坎和温特劳肯，这两个典型的对比环境在地理环境和周围环境，起源，历史，位置，社会包容性，主要渔业活动以及动机和过程上形成了鲜明对比。他们获得了他们的AMERB。在瓜亚坎，在美洲国家水产养殖局以外的主要捕捞活动是巨型鱿鱼和有鳍鱼类捕捞，而在温特劳克恩，主要和传统活动却是在寻找底栖资源。在两种情况下，获取其AMERB的目标是不同的。 Huentelauquen将AMERB用于其传统活动，即Concholepas conholepas（“ loco”）的渔业，因此符合AMERB的官方目标。由于减少了机车的捕获，渔民还增加了海带的收集，利用他们的AMERB控制超出其AMERB限制的进入其捕鱼社区周围整个海岸的通道。在瓜亚坎，AMERB申请用于扇贝和一种红藻的管理，开始用于海喷水产养殖。在AMERB所暗示的可持续渔业框架内，在两种情况下都明确希望获得新的收入来源。但是随着时间的流逝，这两个AMERB都被用作超越其各自AMERB限制的其他渔民的领土排除工具。由于经济效益不佳，总体上对AMERB系统不满意，在Huentelauquen渔民中大多提及其AMERB性能的负面方面，因为他们认为该系统破坏了他们沿海岸的传统迁徙。在瓜亚坎，渔民提到了他们的AMERB的主要方面，因为这是增加新活动的机会。这两个例子都表明，基于权利的管理方法非常有吸引力。他们可以促进新的用途或发展，但其可持续性仍需要进一步分析。经过分析的案例研究表明，与智利的系统开发方式相反，自下而上地实施新的管理安排可能使更容易就共同目标达成共识，和/或为渔民提供更大的自由来调整和安排其目标。生计。考虑到AMERB对渔民的重要性，这些类型的系统需要灵活的法规，以便渔民可以使该系统适应当地的传统，用途或需求，以及他们的学习和适应能力。

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  • 来源
    《Ocean & coastal management》 |2013年第1期|284-295|共12页
  • 作者

    J. Aburto; G. Gallardo; W. Stotz; C. Cerda; C. Mondaca-Schachermayer; K. Vera;

  • 作者单位

    Department of Marine Biology, Universidad Catolka del Norte (UCN), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile,Programa de Doctorado en Biologia y Ecologia Aplicada, Universidad Catolica del Norte, Chile;

    Centre for Sustainable Development (CSD), Uppsala University, Sweden;

    Department of Marine Biology, Universidad Catolka del Norte (UCN), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile;

    Department of Marine Biology, Universidad Catolka del Norte (UCN), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile;

    Department of Marine Biology, Universidad Catolka del Norte (UCN), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile;

    Department of Marine Biology, Universidad Catolka del Norte (UCN), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile;

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