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Environmental cooperation in the South China Sea: Factors, actors and mechanisms

机译：南中国海的环境合作：因素，参与者和机制

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摘要

Although it remains one of the most volatile maritime areas of the world, the South China Sea has witnessed an increasing level of environmental cooperation since the 1990s, culminating in the development and implementation of the South China Sea Project, an inter-governmental project implemented by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF). This paper seeks to explain why environmental cooperation occurred in such a sensitive and contentious region and contends that UNEP played a critical role in facilitating and brokering environmental cooperation. Through an analysis of the motivations, strategies and interactions among the three main actors, namely UNEP, China and the Association for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), this article argues that environmental cooperation was deemed an instrument to facilitate the exchange and sharing of information not only for environmental protection but also for political purposes. While countries were trying to consolidate their sovereign claims, they still shared a desire to sustain a peaceful regional environment to promote the kind of prosperous economic development that the region has enjoyed in recent decades. Countries were actively looking for less sensitive "issues" in which they could cooperate without jeopardizing any sovereignty claims. Marine environmental problems provided such an issue. UNEP, with its distinctive symbolic power as a United Nations agency, played an instrumental and inductive role in mediating and facilitating environmental cooperation in the region. On the one hand, UNEP has played an instrumental role in promoting regional cooperation by helping countries to address common marine environmental problems and promoting confidence building measures between ASEAN countries and China. On the other hand, by framing environmental protection as a neutral and apolitical issue, UNEP has been able to induce the neighbouring countries to the negotiating table. This has internationalized environmental protection in the South China Sea, making non-participation in these cooperative efforts potentially problematic because it could reduce the prominence of a country's territorial claims. In this sense, UNEP has been able to play an inductive role to foster cooperation. The paper attempts to identify the sources of UNEP's influence, and give an account of the various roles and functions of UNEP that made environmental cooperation a reality under conditions that originally appeared untenable.
机译：尽管南海仍然是世界上最动荡的海域之一，但自1990年代以来，南海的环境合作水平不断提高，最终发展和实施了南海项目，该项目是由中国政府实施的一个政府间项目。联合国环境规划署（UNEP），由全球环境基金（GEF）资助。本文试图解释为什么在这样一个敏感和有争议的地区开展环境合作，并主张环境署在促进和促进环境合作方面发挥了关键作用。通过分析环境署，中国和东南亚国家联盟（东盟）这三个主要参与者之间的动机，战略和互动，本文认为环境合作被视为促进信息交流和共享的工具，不仅出于环境保护，而且出于政治目的。在各国试图巩固其主权主张的同时，他们仍然希望维持一个和平的区域环境，以促进该区域近几十年来所享有的那种繁荣的经济发展。各国一直在积极寻求敏感性较低的“问题”，以在不损害任何主权要求的情况下进行合作。海洋环境问题提供了这样的问题。环境署作为联合国机构具有独特的象征意义，在调解和促进该区域的环境合作方面发挥了工具性和归纳性的作用。一方面，环境署通过帮助各国解决共同的海洋环境问题和促进东盟国家与中国之间建立信任的措施，在促进区域合作中发挥了重要作用。另一方面，通过将环境保护定为一个中立和非政治性的问题，环境署已经能够促使邻国参加谈判桌。这已经使南中国海的环境保护国际化，使不参加这些合作努力成为潜在的问题，因为这可能会降低一个国家在领土上的主张的重要性。从这个意义上说，环境署能够在促进合作方面发挥归纳作用。本文试图找出环境署影响力的根源，并说明环境署的各种作用和功能，这些作用和功能使环境合作在原本似乎站不住脚的条件下成为现实。

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  • 来源
    《Ocean & coastal management》 |2013年第ptab期|131-140|共10页
  • 作者

    Sulan Chen;

  • 作者单位

    International Waters & Chemicals, Regional Focal Point-Asia, Europe & GIS, GEE Small Grants Programme, United Nations Development Programme, 220 East 42nd Street, Room 2112, New York, NY 10017, USA;

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