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首页> 外文期刊>Ocean & coastal management >Impacts of the 26 December 2004 tsunami in Eastern Africa
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Impacts of the 26 December 2004 tsunami in Eastern Africa

机译：2004年12月26日海啸对东非的影响

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The tsunami of 26 December 2004 was the largest ever recorded in the Indian Ocean, triggered by the 3rd largest earthquake in 100 years measuring 9.2 moment magnitude. The epicenter of the earthquake was off Banda Aceh on the Indian Ocean coast of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia, centered at 3.316°N, 95.854°E. A sudden upward movement of the seafloor that averaged ～6m occurred along almost 1300 km of the north-east Indian Ocean plate at 0059 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) and lasted 8 min. Because of the lack of preparedness and absence of warning systems in the Indian Ocean the tsunami spread silently across the ocean over a span of 8 h causing massive destruction including the deaths of over 250,000 people, with maximum damages occurring in Indonesia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, India and the Maldives. Moderate to low damages were recorded in the Seychelles, Socotra (Yemen) and Somalia, though in the latter a highly vulnerable town was impacted resulting in over 300 deaths. Most of eastern Africa was spared massive damages from the waves due to (a) distance from the epicenter ( > 6000 km), (b) the dissipation of energy of the tsunami by shallow banks in the middle of the Indian Ocean (the Seychelles banks, Saya de Malha and Cargados Carajos Shoals) and (c) at least for Kenya and Tanzania, the first and largest waves hit at low tide. In Kenya and Tanzania these factors resulted in the waves being experienced as tidal surges of 1-1.5 m amplitude lasting 5-10 min. Damages recorded for eastern Africa include 11 deaths in Tanzania and 1 in Kenya, of people walking and swimming over shallow intertidal flats being trapped by the advancing and receding tidal surges, damage to boats anchored in shallow water and inundation in Mauritius and Rodrigues. Official information, warning and response networks were nonexistent, and even when an official response was generated in Kenya the public demonstrated no faith or willingness to act on warnings from officials such as the police. Importantly, information on the tsunami and the generation of an official response was dependent on two technologies, satellite television and mobile telephony, and these should be built into future warning systems as key mechanisms and backups to official information and warning networks.
机译：2004年12月26日的海啸是印度洋有史以来最大的一次海啸，这是100年以来第三次发生9.2矩震级的大地震引发的。地震的震中位于印度尼西亚苏门答腊岛印度洋沿岸的班达亚齐（Banda Aceh），中心位于北纬3.316°，东经95.854°。 0059年协调世界时（UTC），沿着东北印度洋板块近1300公里，海底突然突然向上移动，平均约6m。由于印度洋缺乏备灾和预警系统，海啸在整个8小时的时间内悄无声息地传播到整个海洋，造成大规模破坏，包括超过25万人死亡，最大的破坏发生在印度尼西亚，泰国和斯里兰卡，印度和马尔代夫。塞舌尔，也门的索科特拉和索马里的损失程度中等至低，尽管在后者，一个高度脆弱的城镇受到影响，造成300多人死亡。由于（a）距震中的距离（> 6000 km），（b）印度洋中部浅水岸（塞舌尔群岛）消散了海啸的能量，因此东部非洲大部分地区没有遭受海浪的巨大破坏。 ，Saya de Malha和Cargados Carajos浅滩）（c）至少在肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚是第一波，也是在退潮时遇到的最大海浪。在肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚，这些因素导致以1-1.5 m的潮汐浪潮持续5-10分钟，从而引起波浪。记录在东非的损失包括坦桑尼亚的11人死亡和肯尼亚的1人死亡，这些人在潮间带浅滩中行走和游泳，被潮汐的前移和后移所困，在浅水区停泊的船只遭到破坏，毛里求斯和罗德里格斯岛被淹。官方信息，警告和响应网络不存在，即使在肯尼亚产生了官方响应，公众也不显示出对警察等官员的警告采取行动的信念或意愿。重要的是，有关海啸和官方反应的信息取决于卫星电视和移动电话这两种技术，应将其作为未来的预警系统的关键机制和对官方信息和预警网络的备份，应将其内置在内。

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