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Integrated coastal management and marine protected areas in the Philippines: Concurrent developments

机译：菲律宾的沿海综合管理与海洋保护区：同步发展

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摘要

Integrated coastal management (ICM) in the Philippines has evolved as a result of initiatives that established community-based marine protected areas (MPAs) since the 1970s. Since then, the development of both ICM and MPAs have benefited from a number of factors that include devolution of management authority to local government, continued active engagement of local non-government organizations, strong support from the national government and from marine science academic and research institutions, and the influx of donor-assisted marine conservation programs in the past two decades. ICM and MPA programs in the Philippines implement a variety of components that include community organizing, participatory planning, alternative livelihood development, public education, research, regulating resource uses, and policy development that address various marine conservation issues. The unabated degradation of the marine environment and its resources continue to motivate efforts to improve the existing paradigm of community-based resource management and MPA establishment, which are carried out in various adaptations depending on the issues addressed and the socio-political context in which the initiatives are taking place. A number of recommendations are put forth in addressing the problems and obstacles faced by ICM and MPA initiatives and in improving their effectiveness for consideration by local practitioners and decision-makers.
机译：自1970年代以来，由于建立了以社区为基础的海洋保护区（MPA）的倡议，菲律宾的综合海岸管理（ICM）得以发展。从那时起，ICM和MPA的发展都受益于许多因素，包括管理权下放给地方政府，地方非政府组织的持续积极参与，国家政府以及海洋科学学术和研究的大力支持机构，以及过去二十年来由捐助者协助的海洋保护计划的涌入。菲律宾的ICM和MPA计划实施了许多组成部分，包括社区组织，参与性计划，替代性生计发展，公共教育，研究，规范资源使用以及解决各种海洋保护问题的政策制定。海洋环境及其资源的持续增速不减，继续激励人们努力改善现有的社区资源管理和建立MPA的范式，这些范式可根据所解决的问题和社会政治背景进行各种调整。倡议正在发生。提出了一些建议，以解决ICM和MPA计划所面临的问题和障碍，并提高其有效性，供当地从业者和决策者考虑。

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