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Adaptation to sea level rise on low coral islands: Lessons from recent events

机译：低珊瑚岛对海平面上升的适应：最近事件的教训

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In the past two decades there have been fears that many low-lying atoll islands around the world could disappear as a consequence of climate change and sea level rise, leading to mass migration and threatening the existence of several island nations. Here we show how sea level rise does not inevitably lead to coastal areas becoming uninhabitable, and that humans have an innate and often underestimated capacity to adapt to changes in their environment. To do so we showcase three instances of human- and earthquake-induced land subsidence that have taken place in the 21st century, where the coastal/island areas are still inhabited despite the challenge of living with higher water levels: the Tohoku coastline following the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami (subsidence similar to 0.4-1.0 m), the present day situation of coastal areas in Jakarta due to ground water extraction ( 5.0 m), and the islands of Tubigon, Bohol in central Philippines after the 2013 Bohol Earthquake (similar to 1.0 m). Humans are able to adapt and arrive at solutions even when confronted with cases of rapid rises in water levels, and thus it is likely that in the future vulnerable coastlines will be engineered and largely remain at present day locations, particularly in densely populated areas. If anything, around densely populated areas it is more likely that humans will continue to encroach on the sea rather than the reverse. We caution, however, that small islands are not homogeneous, and many are unlikely to respond to rising sea levels in the manner that atolls do (in fact, many might just resort to build at higher elevations). Where engineering and other adaptation responses become necessary, the financial and human resource requirements may well be beyond capacity of some small islands, which could lead to impoverishment and associated challenges in many communities.
机译：在过去的二十年中，人们一直担心，由于气候变化和海平面上升，世界上许多低洼的环礁岛可能会消失，从而导致大规模移民并威胁到多个岛国的生存。在这里，我们展示了海平面上升如何不可避免地导致沿海地区无法居住，以及人类具有天生的，常常被低估的适应环境变化的能力。为此，我们展示了21世纪发生的三种人为和地震诱发的地面沉降事件，尽管面临着更高水位的挑战，但沿海/岛屿地区仍然有人居住：2011年之后的东北海岸线东北地震海啸（沉降约0.4-1.0 m），雅加达沿海地区由于地下水开采造成的当前形势（> 5.0 m）以及2013年薄荷岛地震后菲律宾中部的薄荷岛图比贡岛（类似）至1.0 m）。即使面对水位快速上升的情况，人类也能够适应并寻求解决方案，因此，将来可能会设计脆弱的海岸线，并将其大部分保留在当今的位置，尤其是在人口稠密的地区。如果有的话，在人口稠密的地区附近，人类更有可能继续侵占海洋，而不是相反。但是，我们提醒您，小岛不是同质的，许多小岛不太可能像环礁一样对海平面上升做出反应（实际上，许多小岛可能只是诉诸于高海拔地带建造）。在需要采取工程和其他适应对策的情况下，财政和人力资源需求可能超出某些小岛的能力，这可能导致许多社区的贫困和相关挑战。

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