International policy, recommendations, actions and mitigation efforts of anthropogenic underwater noise

Chou Emily; Southall Brandon L.; Robards Martin; Rosenbaum Howard C.

摘要

Anthropogenic underwater noise levels have generally increased as industrial activities in the ocean have become more prevalent. Because of the central nature of sound in the lives of many marine animals, and the known and potential adverse impacts of noise, it is also gaining increased international recognition as an important global conservation issue. Here, a current compilation and synthesis of official documents, reports, and strategic plans from various intergovernmental, governmental, and international organizations, and noise-related projects and programs, demonstrate increasing efforts to understand anthropogenic underwater noise, and the mitigation and management measures that are being considered to reduce noise. While some entities aim to better understand and quantify underwater noise and its impacts, others have recommended explicit mitigation measures including spatio-temporal approaches to managing noise sources, and vessel quieting technologies. New approaches also include the development of certification or voluntary noise-reduction programs and agreements. We highlight four considerations that will better link the potential impacts of noise with corresponding mitigation and noise reducing efforts: 1) collaboration to address the transboundary and cumulative nature of underwater noise; 2) differing countries' implementation capabilities for addressing noise; 3) time and intensity tradeoffs (e.g., louder noise for a shorter time period versus quieter but for longer); and 4) variable noise impacts depending on specific life history stages and life functions. Our review affirms the international consensus that anthropogenic underwater noise is a currently pervasive yet relatively transient form of pollution, the effects of which can be significantly reduced through effective mitigation and regulatory action.

机译：随着海洋中的工业活动变得更加普遍的，人为水下噪声水平通常被增加。由于许多海洋动物的生命中声音的中央性质，以及噪音的众所周知和潜在的不利影响，它也会增加国际认可作为一个重要的全球保护问题。在此处，来自各个政府间，政府和国际组织以及与噪声相关项目和方案的官方文件，报告和战略计划的汇编和综合，表明越来越多地努力了解人为水下噪声，以及减缓和管理措施被认为是减少噪音。虽然一些实体旨在更好地了解和量化水下噪声及其影响，但其他人建议了明确的缓解措施，包括管理噪声来源的时空方法和船舶安静技术。新方法还包括开发认证或自愿减少减刑计划和协议。我们突出了四种考虑因素，更好地将噪声与相应的缓解和噪声减少努力联系起来：1）合作以解决水下噪声的跨界和累积性质; 2）不同国家的解决噪声的实施能力; 3）时间和强度权衡（例如，较小的时间噪音与更长的更长但更长）; 4）可变噪声影响根据具体的寿命阶段和寿命功能。我们的评论肯定了国际共识，即人为性水下噪声是目前普遍且相对瞬态的污染形式，通过有效的缓解和监管行动，可以显着降低其影响。

International policy, recommendations, actions and mitigation efforts of anthropogenic underwater noise

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