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首页> 外文期刊>Ocean & coastal management >Towards sustainable management of kelp forests: An analysis of adaptive governance in developing regimes for wild kelp harvesting in Scotland and Norway
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Towards sustainable management of kelp forests: An analysis of adaptive governance in developing regimes for wild kelp harvesting in Scotland and Norway

机译：迈向海带森林的可持续管理：苏格兰野生海带制度制度的适应治理分析

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Kelp forests are highly productive habitats which support important marine species and ecosystem services including coastal protection and carbon storage. Demand is increasing for commercial products from wild and cultivated kelp, however questions remain on how harvesting of wild kelp can be managed and governed in a sustainable and adaptive way. This paper analyses and contrasts the institutional arrangements for wild kelp harvesting in Scotland and Norway by examining three recent governance processes through document analysis and participant observation. We investigate to what extent the regimes display three foundational aspects of adaptive governance: local governance and participation; the use of knowledge; and legal adaptive capacity. Industrial harvesting has been underway for decades in Norway but is not yet practiced in Scotland, although kelp availability and traditional usage are similar. In Scotland, following extensive public objection in response to proposed industrial harvesting, a legal restriction was adopted in 2019 that prohibits industrial harvesting of whole plants, and the regulatory regime remains under review. In Norway, governance of kelp harvesting is designed to be adaptive and inclusive through periodic review of regional harvesting regulations, yet has not been adjusted despite contestation from stakeholders. In both cases, adaptive governance processes are indicated but are not influential on outcomes. Our paper reveals several obstacles to knowledge-based adaptive governance in practice. First, it is insufficient to create the processes of engagement and participation - these must be empowered to influence governance and remain legitimate. In both cases, the regimes remain hierarchical and dominated by central agencies, even though structures for local governance are available. Second, integrating scientific and local knowledge was shown to be difficult, and mechanisms to debate and negotiate risks and benefits were lacking. In each case, diverging perspectives on kelp harvesting were sustained even though final outcomes were reached, and consensus was elusive. Third, adaptive capacity of applicable legal instruments is of crucial importance, with differences apparent in capacity to enable on-going revision (as in Norway) and limit future change (in Scotland). Poor co-ordination between legal instruments also leads to complications between actors with different mandates and policy objectives. Recommendations are made for an adaptive approach to protect and manage kelp as a critical habitat.
机译：海带森林是高于生产的栖息地，支持重要的海洋物种和生态系统服务，包括沿海保护和碳储存。对于野生和培养的海带的商业产品，需求正在增加，然而，野生海带的收获可以以可持续和自适应的方式管理和管辖问题。本文通过文件分析和参与者观察来分析苏格兰和挪威野生海带收获的制度安排和对比。我们调查了政权在多大程度上展示了适应治理的三个基本方面：地方治理和参与;使用知识;和法律适应能力。在挪威的几十年中，工业收获一直在进行，但尚未在苏格兰实施，尽管海带可用性和传统的使用相似。在苏格兰，在广泛的公开反对以应对拟议的产业收获之后，2019年通过了法律限制，禁止对整个工厂的产业采伐，监管制度仍在审查中。在挪威，海带收获的治理旨在通过定期审查区域收获法规来适应性和包容性，尽管仍未得到利益攸关方的争论。在这两种情况下，指出了适应治理过程，但在结果上并不有影响力。我们的论文在实践中揭示了基于知识的自适应治理的几个障碍。首先，不足以创造参与和参与的过程 - 这些必须有权影响治理并保持合法。在这两种情况下，即使提供了地方治理的结构，政权也仍然是中央机构的分层并主导。其次，将科学和当地知识纳入困难，缺乏辩论和谈判风险和福利的机制。在每种情况下，即使达到最终结果，仍然持续了对海带收获的分歧的观点，并且难以捉摸。第三，适用法律文书的自适应能力至关重要，其能力明显明显，以便在进行的修订（如挪威），并限制未来的变更（在苏格兰）。法律文书之间的不良协调也导致参与者与不同任务和政策目标之间的并发症。建议采用自适应方法来保护和管理海带作为关键栖息地。

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