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Surface Stokes drift in the Baltic Sea based on modelled wave spectra

机译：基于模拟波谱的波罗的海地表斯托克斯漂移

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The Stokes drift is an important component in the surface drift. We used the wave model WAM to evaluate the mean values and exceedance probabilities of the surface Stokes drift in the Baltic Sea. As there is no direct way to verify the accuracy of the modelled Stokes drift, we compared the bulk parameters calculated by the wave model against buoy measurements to ensure the quality of the wave hindcast. Furthermore, we evaluated the surface Stokes drift from measured wave spectra to assess the accuracy of the modelled surface Stokes drift. The importance of the Stokes drift as a component of the total surface drift was evaluated by calculating the hindcast mean values and percentiles of the surface Stokes drift. The mean values were between 0.08 and 0.10 ms(-1) in the open sea areas, thus being of the same order of magnitude as the mean wind shear currents. The highest values of the surface Stokes drift were slightly larger than 0.6 ms(-1). The comparison of modelled Stokes drift values to estimates obtained from measured spectra suggests that the mean values are well represented by the model. However, the higher modelled values are most likely slightly too large because the wave energy was overestimated during high wind situations in some of the sub-basins, such as the Gulf of Finland. A comparison to a drifter experiment showed that use of the Stokes drift improves the estimate of both the drift speed and the direction in the Gulf of Finland. Parameterised methods to evaluate the Stokes drift that are used, e.g. in currently available Baltic Sea drift models, overestimate the smaller values (under 0.3 ms(-1)) and underestimate the larger values of the Stokes drift compared to the values calculated by the wave model. The modelled surface Stokes drift direction mostly followed the forcing wind direction. This was the case even in the Gulf of Finland, where the direction of the wind and the waves can differ considerably.
机译：斯托克斯漂移是表面漂移的重要组成部分。我们使用波浪模型WAM来评估波罗的海表面斯托克斯漂移的平均值和超出概率。由于没有直接的方法可以验证模拟的斯托克斯漂移的准确性，因此我们将波浪模型计算的体积参数与浮标测量结果进行了比较，以确保波浪后抛物的质量。此外，我们从测量的波谱中评估了表面斯托克斯漂移，以评估建模的表面斯托克斯漂移的准确性。通过计算表面斯托克斯漂移的后验平均值和百分位数，可以评估斯托克斯漂移作为总表面漂移分量的重要性。在公海地区，平均值在0.08到0.10 ms（-1）之间，因此与平均风切变电流的数量级相同。表面斯托克斯漂移的最大值略大于0.6 ms（-1）。将模型化的斯托克斯漂移值与从实测光谱获得的估计值进行比较，结果表明该模型很好地代表了平均值。但是，较高的模型值很可能有点太大，因为在某些次流域（例如芬兰湾）的强风天气期间，波浪能被高估了。与漂移实验的比较表明，斯托克斯漂移的使用改善了对芬兰湾漂移速度和方向的估计。用于评估斯托克斯漂移的参数化方法，例如在当前可用的波罗的海漂移模型中，与波动模型计算出的值相比，高估了较小的值（在0.3 ms（-1）以下），而低估了斯托克斯漂移的较大值。建模的表面斯托克斯漂移方向主要遵循强迫风向。即使在芬兰湾，风和海浪的方向也可能相差很大，情况就是这样。

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