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On the consistency of the drag between air and water in meteorological, hydrodynamic and wave models

机译：在气象，水动力和波浪模型中空气与水之间阻力的一致性

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摘要

For the design, assessment and flood control of water defences, hydraulic loads in terms of water levels and wave conditions are required and often obtained from numerical models. For these hydraulic loads to be reliable, accurate atmospheric forcing is required. Waves and surges are typically forced by surface stress. However, in most cases, the input for these models consists of 10-m wind velocities that are internally converted to surface stress by applying a particular drag relation. This procedure generally leads to inconsistencies, since the hydrodynamic, wave and atmospheric models often apply different drag relations. By means of a case study, we explored the consequences of this inconsistency in the drag formulation for a North Sea storm wave and surge hindcast. This was done by forcing the hydrodynamic and wave models using both the 10-m wind velocity and the surface stress fields computed by the atmospheric model. Our study results show significant differences between the wave parameter values and water levels computed with surface stress input and 10-m wind velocity input. Our goal is not to assess different drag parameterizations but to raise awareness for this issue and to plea for the use of a consistent drag relation in meteorological and hydrodynamic/wave models. The consistent use of one drag formulation facilitates the identification of problems and the eventual improvement of the drag formulation. Furthermore, we suggest using the so-called pseudo-wind, which is a translation of the surface stress to the 10-m wind speed using a reference drag relation.
机译：对于水防御的设计，评估和防洪，需要水位和波浪条件方面的水力负荷，通常是从数值模型中获得的。为了使这些液压负载可靠，需要精确的大气压力。波浪和波动通常是由表面应力引起的。但是，在大多数情况下，这些模型的输入由10米的风速组成，这些风速通过应用特定的阻力关系在内部转换为表面应力。由于流体动力学，波动模型和大气模型通常会应用不同的阻力关系，因此此过程通常会导致不一致。通过案例研究，我们探索了北海风暴波和后冲潮的阻力公式中这种不一致的后果。这是通过使用10米风速和大气模型计算出的表面应力场来强迫流体力学和波浪模型来完成的。我们的研究结果表明，波浪参数值与通过表面应力输入和10-m风速输入计算出的水位之间存在显着差异。我们的目标不是评估不同的阻力参数，而是要提高对此问题的认识，并呼吁在气象和水动力/波浪模型中使用一致的阻力关系。一致使用一种药物制剂有助于发现问题并最终改善药物制剂。此外，我们建议使用所谓的伪风，即使用参考阻力关系将表面应力转换为10米风速。

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