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Coupled 1D-3D hydrodynamic modelling, with application to the Pearl River Delta

机译：一维至三维耦合水动力模型及其在珠江三角洲的应用

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摘要

Within the hydrodynamic modelling community, it is common practice to apply different modelling systems for coastal waters and river systems. Whereas for coastal waters 3D finite difference or finite element grids are commonly used, river systems are generally modelled using 1D networks. Each of these systems is tailored towards specific applications. Three-dimensional coastal water models are designed to model the horizontal and vertical variability in coastal waters and are less well suited for representing the complex geometry and cross-sectional areas of river networks. On the other hand, 1D river network models are designed to accurately represent complex river network geometries and complex structures like weirs, barrages and dams. A disadvantage, however, is that they are unable to resolve complex spatial flow variability. In real life, however, coastal oceans and rivers interact. In deltaic estuaries, both tidal intrusion of seawater into the upstream river network and river discharge into open waters play a role. This is frequently approached by modelling the systems independently, with off-line coupling of the lateral boundary forcing. This implies that the river and the coastal model run sequentially, providing lateral discharge (1D) and water level (3D) forcing to each other without the possibility of directrnfeedback or interaction between these processes. An additional disadvantage is that due to the time aggregation usually applied to exchanged quantities, mass conservation is difficult to ensure. In this paper, we propose an approach that couples a 3D hydrodynamic modelling system for coastal waters (Delft3D) with a 1D modelling system for river hydraulics (SOBEK) online. This implies that contrary to off-line coupling, the hydrodynamic quantities are exchanged between the 1D and 3D domains during runtime to resolve the real-time exchange and interaction between the coastal waters and river network. This allows for accurate and mass conserving modelling of complex coastal waters and river network systems, whilst the advantages of both systems are maintained and used in an optimal and computationally efficient way. The coupled 1D-3D system is used to model the flows in the Pearl River Delta (Guangdong, China), which are determined by the interaction of the upstream network of the Pearl River and the open waters of the South China Sea. The highly complex upstream river network is modelled in 1D, simulating river discharges for the dry and wet monsoon periods. The 3D coastal model simulates the flow due to the external (ocean) periodic tidal forcing, the salinity distribution for both dry and wet seasons, as well as residual water levels (sea level anomalies) originating from the South China Sea. The model is calibrated and its performance extensively assessed against field measurements, resulting in a mean root mean square (RMS) error of below 6% for water levels over the entire Pearl River Delta. The model also represents both the discharge distribution over the river network and salinity transport processes with good accuracy, resolving the discharge distribution over the main branches of the river network within 5% of reported annual mean values and RMS errors for salinity in the range of 2 ppt (dry season) to 5 ppt (wet season).
机译：在水动力建模界，通常的做法是将不同的建模系统应用于沿海水域和河流系统。对于沿海水域，通常使用3D有限差分或有限元网格，而河流系统通常使用1D网络建模。这些系统中的每一个都是针对特定应用量身定制的。三维沿海水模型旨在模拟沿海水域的水平和垂直变化，因此不太适合表示复杂的几何形状和河流网络的截面积。另一方面，一维河网模型旨在精确表示复杂的河网几何形状和复杂的结构，如堰，拦河坝和大坝。但是，缺点是它们无法解决复杂的空间流量可变性。但是，在现实生活中，沿海海洋和河流相互作用。在三角洲河口，海水潮汐侵入上游河网和河流排入开放水域均起着作用。通常通过独立建模系统，以及横向边界强制的离线耦合来实现。这意味着河流和沿海模型是按顺序运行的，相互提供了横向排放（1D）和水位（3D），而没有直接反馈或这些过程之间相互作用的可能性。另一个缺点是，由于通常将时间汇总应用于交换量，因此难以确保质量守恒。在本文中，我们提出了一种在线结合用于沿海水域的3D流体动力学建模系统（Delft3D）和用于河水力学的一维建模系统（SOBEK）的方法。这意味着与离线耦合相反，在运行期间在1D和3D域之间交换水动力量，以解决沿海水域和河网之间的实时交换和相互作用。这样就可以对复杂的沿海水域和河网系统进行精确且节省大量成本的建模，而这两种系统的优点都可以以最佳且计算高效的方式得以维护和使用。耦合的1D-3D系统用于模拟珠江三角洲（中国广东省）的水流，这是由珠江上游网络和南海开放水域的相互作用所决定的。一维模型对高度复杂的上游河网进行建模，以模拟干旱和湿季风时期的河流流量。 3D海岸模型模拟了由于外部（海洋）周期性潮汐强迫，干旱和潮湿季节的盐度分布以及源自南中国海的残留水位（海平面异常）而引起的流量。对该模型进行了校准，并针对野外测量对其性能进行了广泛评估，导致整个珠江三角洲的水位平均均方根（RMS）误差低于6％。该模型还以较高的精度表示了河网的流量分布和盐分输送过程，将河网主要支流的流量分布解析为报告的年平均值的5％以内，并且盐度的RMS误差在2的范围内ppt（干季）到5 ppt（湿季）。

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