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Pollutant transport

机译：污染物运输

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The devastating tsunami triggered by the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 inundated the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) resulting in a loss of cooling and a series of explosions releasing the largest quantity of radioactive material into the atmosphere since the Chernobyl nuclear accident. Although 80% of the radionuclides from this accidental release were transported over the Pacific Ocean, 20% were deposited over Japanese coastal catchments that are subject to frequent typhoons. Among the radioisotopes released during the FDNPP accident, radiocesium (~(134)Cs and ~(137)Cs) is considered the most serious current and future health risk for the local population. The goal of this review is to synthesize research relevant to the transfer of FDNPP derived radiocesium from hillslopes to the Pacific Ocean. After radiocesium fallout deposition on vegetation and soils, the contamination may remain stored in forest canopies, in vegetative litter on the ground, or in the soil. Once radiocesium contacts soil, it is quickly and almost irreversibly bound to fine soil particles. The kinetic energy of raindrops instigates the displacement of soil particles, and their bound radiocesium, which may be mobilized and transported with overland flow. Soil erosion is one of the main processes transferring particle-bound radiocesium from hillslopes through rivers and streams, and ultimately to the Pacific Ocean. Accordingly this review will summarize results regarding the fundamental processes and dynamics that govern radiocesium transfer from hillslopes to the Pacific Ocean published in the literature within the first four years after the FDNPP accident. The majority of radiocesium is reported to be transported in the paniculate fraction, attached to fine particles. The contribution of the dissolved fraction to radiocesium migration is only relevant in base flows and is hypothesized to decline over time. Owing to the hydro-meteorological context of the Fukushima region, the most significant transfer of particulate-bound radiocesium occurs during major rainfall and runoff events (e.g. typhoons and spring snowmelt). There may be radiocesium storage within catchments in forests, floodplains and even within hillslopes that may be re-mobilized and contaminate downstream areas, even areas that did not receive fallout or may have been decontaminated.Overall this review demonstrates that characterizing the different mechanisms and factors driving radiocesium transfer is important. In particular, the review determined that quantifying the remaining catchment radiocesium inventory allows for a relative comparison of radiocesium transfer research from hillslope to catchment scales. Further, owing to the variety of mechanisms and factors, a transdisciplinary approach is required involving geomorpholo-gists, hydrologists, soil and forestry scientists, and mathematical modellers to comprehensively quantify radiocesium transfers and dynamics. Characterizing radiocesium transfers from hillslopes to the Pacific Ocean is necessary for ongoing decontamination and management interventions with the objective of reducing the gamma radiation exposure to the local population.
机译：自2011年3月11日东日本大地震引发的毁灭性海啸淹没了福岛第一核电站（FDNPP），导致冷却损失和一系列爆炸，这是自东日本大地震以来向大气释放的放射性物质最多的一次。切尔诺贝利核事故。尽管这次意外释放产生的放射性核素有80％是在太平洋上运输的，但仍有20％的放射性核素沉积在了遭受频繁台风袭击的日本沿海集水区。在FDNPP事故期间释放的放射性同位素中，放射性铯（〜（134）Cs和〜（137）Cs）被认为是当地居民当前和将来最严重的健康风险。这篇综述的目的是综合与FDNPP衍生的放射性铯从山坡向太平洋的转移有关的研究。在放射性ces尘沉积在植被和土壤上之后，污染物可能仍存储在森林冠层，地面上的植物凋落物或土壤中。放射性铯一旦与土壤接触，就会迅速且几乎不可逆地与细小的土壤颗粒结合。雨滴的动能促使土壤颗粒及其结合的放射性铯迁移，并随陆流流动。水土流失是颗粒结合的放射性铯从山坡上通过河流和溪流，最终到太平洋的主要过程之一。因此，本综述将总结有关FDNPP事故发生后头四年内文献报道的有关控制放射性铯从山坡向太平洋转移的基本过程和动力学的结果。据报道，大多数放射性铯以颗粒状运输，并附着在细颗粒上。溶解级分对放射性铯迁移的贡献仅与基本流量有关，并假设随时间下降。由于福岛地区的水文气象背景，结合颗粒的放射性铯的最重要转移发生在主要降雨和径流事件（例如台风和春季融雪）期间。在森林，洪泛区甚至山坡内的流域内可能存在放射性铯储存，这些山丘可能被重新动员并污染了下游地区，甚至没有受到辐射影响或已被净化的区域。总体而言，本研究表明了不同机制和因素的特征驾驶放射性铯转移很重要。特别是，审查确定量化流域剩余放射性铯的存量可以对从山坡到流域规模的放射性迁移研究进行相对比较。此外，由于各种机制和因素，需要跨学科的方法，包括地貌学家，水文学家，土壤和林业科学家以及数学建模者，以全面量化放射性铯的迁移和动力学。从正在进行的去污和管理干预措施中，表征从山坡到太平洋的放射性铯转移是必要的，目的是减少对当地居民的伽玛射线辐射。

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    《Oceanographic Literature Review》 |2015年第9期|2159-2160|共2页
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