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Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Coastal Marshes and Associated Organisms

机译：深水地平线漏油事件对沿海沼泽和相关生物的影响

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摘要

Oil gushed from the Macondo Mississippi Canyon 252 well into the Gulf of Mexico for 87 days after the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig exploded and sank. A concern, after widespread dispersant use offshore on surface waters and at the wellhead, was that the oil/dispersant mixture would reach valuable, and vulnerable, coastal ecosystems. Standardized oil spill response methodology identified 1,773 km of the 7,058 km of surveyed shoreline as oiled, with 1,075 km oiled in Louisiana. This paper synthesizes key results of published research on the oiling effects on coastal habitats and their inhabitants from microbes to vertebrates. There were immediate negative impacts in the moderately to heavily oiled marshes, and on the resident fish and invertebrates. Recovery occurred in many areas within the two years following the oiling and continues, but permanent damage from heavily oiled marshes resulted in eroded shorelines. Organisms, including microbial communities, invertebrates, and vertebrates, were diminished by acute and chronic hydrocarbon exposure. However, the inherent variability in populations and levels of exposure, compounded with multiple stressors, often masked what were expected, predictable impacts. The effects are expected to continue to some degree with legacy hydrocarbons, or the marsh ecosystem will reach a new baseline condition in heavily damaged areas.
机译：Deepwater Horizo​​n钻机爆炸并沉没后，石油从Macondo密西西比峡谷252涌入墨西哥湾，持续了87天。在地表水和井口在海上广泛使用分散剂后，人们担心的是，油/分散剂混合物将到达有价值且脆弱的沿海生态系统。标准化的溢油应急方法论确定，在被调查的7,058公里海岸线中，有1,773公里已加油，而在路易斯安那州已加油1,075公里。本文综合了已发表的有关从微生物到脊椎动物对沿海生境及其居民的上油效果的研究的主要成果。中度至重油的沼泽以及常驻鱼类和无脊椎动物立即产生了负面影响。在注油后的两年内，许多地区发生了恢复，并持续了下来，但因注满油的沼泽造成的永久性破坏导致海岸线侵蚀。急性和慢性碳氢化合物暴露使包括微生物群落，无脊椎动物和脊椎动物在内的生物减少。但是，种群和接触水平的固有变异性加上多种压力因素常常掩盖了预期的可预测的影响。预计对遗留碳氢化合物的影响将持续到一定程度，否则沼泽生态系统将在严重受损的地区达到新的基准条件。

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  • 来源
    《Oceanography》 |2016年第3期|150-159|共10页
  • 作者

    Rabalais Nancy N.; Turner R. Eugene;

  • 作者单位

    Louisiana Univ Marine Consortium, Chauvin, LA 70344 USA;

    Louisiana State Univ, Dept Oceanog & Coastal Sci, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA;

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