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How Did the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill Impact Deep-Sea Ecosystems?

机译：深水地平线漏油如何影响深海生态系统？

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摘要

Approximately 90% of the volume of the Gulf of Mexico is contained in water deeper than 200 m, a region where the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) blowout had more impact on ecosystems than any previous oil spill. The remoteness and relative inaccessibility of the deep sea makes documenting even acute impacts to the animals that live in this realm difficult. This article reviews Natural Resource Damage Assessment studies and follow-up work funded as part of the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative that targeted deepwater pelagic and benthic fauna. Oil was incorporated into the pelagic food web, and a reduction in planktonic grazers led to phytoplankton blooms. Fish larvae were killed, and a generation may have been lost. Cetaceans were killed, and many avoided the area of the spill. In the benthic realm, there was a large loss of diversity of soft-bottom infauna, which were still not recovering a year after the DWH oil spill. Colonial octocorals that are anchored to the hard seafloor and are especially vulnerable to anthropogenic impact, died as a result of being covered with flocculent material containing oil and dispersant. Soft- and hard-bottom effects of the oil spill were found as much as 14 km away from the DWH wellhead site. Deep-sea communities in the Gulf of Mexico are diverse, play critical roles in the food web and carbon cycling, affect productivity, are sensitive to perturbations, and are at risk to contaminant exposure; thus, it is important to understand the effects on these natural resources.
机译：墨西哥湾约90％的体积都包含在200 m以上的水中，在该地区，深水地平线（DWH）井喷对生态系统的影响比以往任何一次溢油都要大。深海的遥远和相对难以进入使得难以记录甚至对生活在这个领域的动物的急性影响。本文回顾了自然资源损害评估研究和作为墨西哥湾研究计划的一部分而资助的后续工作，该计划针对深水中上层和底栖动物。石油被纳入远洋食物网，浮游性放牧者数量减少导致浮游植物大量繁殖。鱼幼虫被杀死，可能已经失去了一代。鲸类动物被杀死，许多人避开了溢出区域。在底栖领域，软底动物的多样性大量丧失，在DWH漏油事件发生一年后，这种多样性仍未恢复。锚定在坚硬的海底上的殖民八面体特别容易受到人为影响，由于被含油和分散剂的絮状物质覆盖而死亡。在距DWH井口站点14公里处发现了漏油的软硬影响。墨西哥湾的深海社区多种多样，在食物网和碳循环中发挥关键作用，影响生产率，对扰动敏感，并有暴露于污染物的风险；因此，重要的是要了解这些自然资源的影响。

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  • 来源
    《Oceanography》 |2016年第3期|182-195|共14页
  • 作者

    Fisher Charles R.; Montagna Paul A.; Sutton Tracey T.;

  • 作者单位

    Penn State Univ, Eberly Coll Sci, Dept Biol, University Pk, PA 16802 USA;

    Texas A&M Univ Corpus Christi, Harte Res Inst, Corpus Christi, TX USA;

    Nova Southeastern Univ, Halmos Coll Nat Sci & Oceanog, Guy Harvey Oceanog Ctr, Dania, FL USA;

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