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Gold Mining and Submarine Tailings Disposal Review and Case Study

机译：金矿和海底尾矿处置审查和案例研究

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Environmental impacts associated with submarine tailings disposal (STD) of gold mine wastes vary widely among the relatively few cases studied. The principal contaminants of concern surrounding most gold mines are arsenic, mercury, and cyanide, although antimony, thallium, lead, zinc, and copper may also be important in particular mines. The mineralogy and ore processing techniques associated with different kinds of gold deposits may strongly influence the outcome of STD. Native gold and its associated minerals are generally less toxic than sulfide-mineral gold, in which the gold is incorporated into sulfide minerals in conjunction with other trace elements. Sulfide gold tailings placed in seawater may be particularly dangerous where ore processing includes oxidation by roasting or aggressive chemical leaching, which transforms the sulfide minerals into relatively unstable oxides and oxy-hydroxides. The case study of the Newmont Minahasa Raya gold mine in Indonesia highlights some of the dangers of gold mine STD. Local villagers observed fish kills shortly after the beginning of STD operations, and they also noted fine red sediment resembling the tailings smothering corals on reefs adjacent to the tailings disposal site. Tailings from this mine dispersed from the intended STD depth of 82 m up to nearby coral reefs, and dispersal extended up to 3.5 km from the end of pipe. Unstable arsenic phases in the tailings accounted for at least 32% of total arsenic in the mine tailings, and less than 10% of total arsenic in fluvially derived marine sediments. Mercury in the submarine tailings was methylated in approximately the same proportions as mercury from artisanal gold mines using mercury amalgamation and in uncontaminated nearshore marine sediments near a watershed with similar bedrock geology. Methyl mercury derived from tailings was incorporated into the local food chain, probably via benthic invertebrates.
机译：在研究的相对较少的案例中，与金矿废物的海底尾矿处置（STD）相关的环境影响差异很大。大多数锑矿周围令人关注的主要污染物是砷，汞和氰化物，尽管锑，th，铅，锌和铜在某些矿井中也可能很重要。与不同种类的金矿床相关的矿物学和矿石加工技术可能会强烈影响STD的结果。天然金及其相关矿物的毒性通常比硫化物-矿物金低，在硫化物-矿物金中，金与其他微量元素一起被掺入硫化物矿物中。如果矿石加工包括通过焙烧或侵蚀性化学浸出进行氧化，这会将硫化物矿物转化为相对不稳定的氧化物和羟基氧化物，则置于海水中的硫化金尾矿可能特别危险。印度尼西亚Newmont Minahasa Raya金矿的案例研究突显了STD金矿的某些危险。当地村民观察到，在性传播疾病行动开始后不久，鱼类就被杀死，他们还注意到类似尾矿的细红色沉积物使尾矿处置场附近的礁石上的珊瑚窒息。该矿的尾矿从预期的STD深度82 m分散到附近的珊瑚礁，并且从管道末端延伸至3.5 km。尾矿中不稳定的砷相至少占矿山尾矿中总砷的32％，少于河流来源的海洋沉积物中总砷的10％。水下尾矿中的汞被甲基化，其甲基化程度与使用汞齐化技术从手工金矿中的汞以及在类似基岩地质流域附近的未受污染的近海海洋沉积物中的汞甲基化程度相同。来自尾矿的甲基汞可能通过底栖无脊椎动物被纳入当地食物链。

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  • 来源
    《Oceanography》 |2012年第2期|p.184-199|共16页
  • 作者

    Evan Edinger;

  • 作者单位

    Departments of Geography, Biology, and Earth Sciences, Memorial University, St. John's,Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada;

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