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OCEAN WARMING OF NARES STRAIT BOTTOM WATERS

机译：NARES海峡底部水域的海洋保暖

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Over the last 60 years, the perception of the Arctic Ocean has changed from a hostile, sluggish, steady, ice-covered environment with little global impact to an ocean that has become increasingly accessible, apparently rapidly changing, only partly ice-covered, and connected to the global meridional overturning circulation. Our new observations demonstrate that waters off Northwest Greenland constitute the final limb in the grand cyclonic circulation of the Atlantic layer in the Arctic Ocean. These waters with an Atlantic water mass signature are warming in Nares Strait to the west of Greenland as they are elsewhere. Estimates of the magnitude and uncertainty of this warming are emerging from both moored observations and historical hydrographic station data. Ocean temperatures sensed by instruments moored 3 m above the bottom between 228 and 366 m depth in Nares Strait suggest a mean warming of about 0.023 ± 0.015°C per year for the 2003-2009 period at 95% confidence. Salinity changes for the same period are not significantly different from zero. Nevertheless, oscillating bottom temperatures covary with salinities. Mean bottom salinities in Nares Strait exceed 34.56 psu while no water with salinities above 34.51 psu occurs in Baffin Bay to the south. These data indicate a dominantly northern source for the waters sensed by our moorings. Mean bottom temperatures hover near 0°C, which suggests minimal influence of waters from the northeastern Amundsen Basin in the Arctic Ocean. Thus, we conclude that the observed warming originates from the northeastern Canadian Basin to the southwest of our study area. In addition to these mean conditions, we find large interannual variability. For example, significant freshening emerges for the 2003-2006 period that reaches -0.02 ± 0.008 psu per year without significant concurrent temperature trends at three sensor locations. These data contrast with the 2007-2009 observational period when five different sensors all indicate warmer waters (0.063 ± 0.017°C per year) and saltier waters (0.027 ± 0.01 psu per year), which reverses the 2003-2006 freshening. We speculate that some of these observed changes are caused by a changing ice regime. During the 2003-2006 winters, ice was landfast, while during 2007-2009 it was generally mobile year-round. The warming impacts tidewater glaciers along northern Greenland with sill depths below 300 m, for example, Petermann Gletscher.
机译：在过去的60年中，人们对北冰洋的看法已经从对全球几乎没有影响的敌对，缓慢，稳定，被冰覆盖的环境，变成了变得越来越容易进入，明显变化迅速，仅部分被冰覆盖的海洋，以及与全球经向翻转循环有关。我们的新观察结果表明，西北格陵兰岛以外的水域构成了北冰洋大西洋层大旋风环流的最后一个分支。这些具有大西洋水质特征的水域正像其他地方一样，在格陵兰岛西部的纳雷斯海峡变暖。从停泊的观测资料和历史水文台站数据中都可以得出这种变暖的幅度和不确定性的估计。仪器在纳雷斯海峡停泊在深度228至366 m之间的底部上方3 m处，检测到的海洋温度表明，2003-2009年期间，每年平均变暖约0.023±0.015°C，置信度为95％。同期的盐度变化与零无显着差异。然而，底部温度的波动与盐度有关。纳雷斯海峡的平均底部盐度超过34.56 psu，而南部的巴芬湾则没有盐度高于34.51 psu的水。这些数据表明我们的系泊设备感知到的水主要来自北方。平均底部温度徘徊在0°C附近，这表明来自北冰洋阿蒙森盆地东北部的水的影响最小。因此，我们得出结论，观测到的变暖源自加拿大东北部盆地到我们研究区域的西南部。除了这些平均条件外，我们还发现较大的年际变化。例如，2003-2006年期间出现显着的新鲜感，达到每年-0.02±0.008 psu，而在三个传感器位置却没有明显的同时温度趋势。这些数据与2007-2009年的观测期形成鲜明对比，当时有五个不同的传感器都指示较暖的水（每年0.063±0.017°C）和较咸的水（每年0.027±0.01 psu），这与2003-2006年的新鲜度相反。我们推测其中一些观测到的变化是由冰层变化引起的。在2003-2006年冬季，冰层是陆冰期，而在2007-2009年期间，冰层全年都在流动。变暖影响了格陵兰北部沿岸底面深度小于300 m的潮水冰川，例如Petermann Gletscher。

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  • 来源
    《Oceanography》 |2011年第3期|p.114-123|共10页
  • 作者

    ANDREAS MONCHOW; KELLY K. FALKNER; HUMFREY MELLINC; BERIT RABE; HELEN L. JOHNSON;

  • 作者单位

    Collegeof Earth, Ocean and Environment,University of Delaware, Newark, DE,USA;

    Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, VA, USA;

    Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Institute of Ocean Sciences, Sidney BC, Canada.;

    Laboratory, Marine Scotland Science,Aberdeen, UK;

    Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK;

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