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Trends in Benthic Macrofaunal Populations, Seasonal Sea Ice Persistence, and Bottom Water Temperatures in the Bering Strait Region

机译：白令海峡地区底栖大型动物种群，季节性海冰持久性和底水温度的趋势

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摘要

Recent declines in sea ice extent and warming seawater temperatures in the Arctic have the potential to impact regional and pan-Arctic marine ecosystems. To investigate marine biological response to these key drivers and other environmental factors, we undertook a robust trend analysis of benthic macrofaunal populations and environmental drivers in the Bering Strait region. Our focus was on the waters of the northern Bering and southern Chukchi Seas, which are shallow (100 m) and seasonally productive, with strong pelagic-benthic coupling between water-column-derived organic matter and the seafloor. Studies indicate that both in situ production and advection of upstream phytodetritus support persistent biologically productive regions, termed hotspots, in the greater Bering Strait region. The benthic marine ecosystem is dominated by macroinvertebrates (e.g., clams, polychaetes, and amphipods) that in turn serve as food resources for diving mammals and seabirds, thus allowing for changes to cascade strongly through the food web from prey to predator. During our study, the persistence of seasonal sea ice significantly declined; trend analyses indicate both earlier sea ice breakup and later fall freeze-up in recent years. When combined with warming seawater temperatures in the region, these changes have ramifications for water column processes that influence benthic faunal biomass and composition, which can transfer to upper trophic level predators. We studied these changes by evaluating time series sites in three benthic biomass hotspots starting in 1998 (Southeast Chukchi Sea region), 1999 (Chirikov Basin region), and 2000 (St. Lawrence Island Polynya region). We present these data within a broader evaluation of benthic biomass results from prior cruises dating as early as the 1970s. The current study focuses on the period 1998-2015 at sites occupied annually each July using CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier. Since 2010, these time series sites have become part of the international Distributed Biological Observatory (DBO), a network of standard time series stations and transect lines in the Pacific Arctic that is used for evaluating changes within the biological system. We found that these regions have experienced northward shifts in high benthic biomass and changes in dominant macrofaunal composition that are coincident with recent reduced sea ice cover and variable warming of seasonal water column temperatures. Hydrographic changes can influence chlorophyll a inventories in surface sediments and total organic carbon content, both of which are indicators of food supply to the benthos. In addition, sediment grain size reflects variable current flow that in turn influences faunal composition. Time series studies are essential for evaluating whether this region is transitioning or even reaching a "tipping point" that could shift the benthic-dominated system to a pelagic one, with large-scale ramifications for ecosystem structure in this highly productive Pacific Arctic ecosystem.
机译：北极海冰范围的近期下降和海水温度的升高有可能影响区域和泛北极海洋生态系统。为了调查海洋生物对这些关键驱动因素和其他环境因素的反应，我们对白令海峡地区底栖大型动物种群和环境驱动因素进行了强有力的趋势分析。我们的研究重点是北部白令海和楚科奇海南部的水域，这些海域浅（<100 m），具有季节性生产力，水源性有机质与海底之间存在强烈的浮游-底栖耦合。研究表明，上游白粉病的原位生产和平流均支持大白令海峡地区的持久生物生产区，称为热点。底栖海洋生态系统以大型无脊椎动物（例如蛤，多毛类和两栖动物）为主，而后者又是潜水哺乳动物和海鸟的食物资源，从而使各种变化在整个食物网中从捕食者到捕食者都有强烈的级联。在我们的研究中，季节性海冰的持久性显着下降。趋势分析表明，近年来海冰破裂较早，而秋季冰冻较晚。当与该地区海水温度升高相结合时，这些变化对水柱过程产生了影响，影响了底栖动物的生物量和组成，这些物质可以转移到营养层上的食肉动物。我们通过评估三个底栖生物质热点地区的时间序列地点来研究了这些变化，这些热点地区始于1998年（楚科奇东南部地区），1999年（奇里科夫盆地地区）和2000年（圣劳伦斯岛波利尼亚地区）。我们在早于1970年代的先前航行中对底栖生物量结果的更广泛评估中提出了这些数据。当前的研究集中在1998-2015年期间，每年7月使用CCGS威尔弗里德·劳里耶爵士（Sir Wilfrid Laurier）占领这些地点。自2010年以来，这些时间序列地点已成为国际分布式生物观测站（DBO）的一部分，DBO是太平洋北极地区标准时间序列站和样带线网络，用于评估生物系统内的变化。我们发现这些地区经历了底栖生物量的北移和主要大型动物组成的变化，这与最近海冰覆盖减少和季节性水柱温度变暖相吻合。水文变化会影响表层沉积物中的叶绿素a含量和总有机碳含量，这两者都是向底栖动物供应食物的指标。此外，沉积物粒度反映了可变的电流，进而影响动物的组成。时间序列研究对于评估该地区是否正在转变甚至达到一个可能将底栖生物系统转变为浮游生物系统的“临界点”至关重要，在这个高产的太平洋北极生态系统中对生态系统结构进行了大规模调整。

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  • 来源
    《Oceanography》 |2018年第2期|136-151|共16页
  • 作者

    Grebmeier Jacqueline M.; Frey Karen E.; Cooper Lee W.; Kedra Monika;

  • 作者单位

    Polish Acad Sci, Inst Oceanol, Sopot, Poland;

    Clark Univ, Grad Sch Geog, Worcester, MA 01610 USA;

    Univ Maryland, Chesapeake Biol Lab, Ctr Environm Sci, Solomons, MD 20688 USA;

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