Laser physics encompasses several disciplines of fundamental importance such as quantum mechanics and quantum optics, thermodynamics, spectroscopy, optics, materials science, chemical dynamics, and many other branches of physics. Since its first operation 50 years ago, the laser has stimulated applications owing to its unique characteristics, in fields where light beams are utilized enormously such as basic science and spectroscopy, medicine, industry, military, broad-band and fast communications systems, entertainment, and others. The field of lasers is still growing fast and new applications are emerging constantly.
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