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'One risk is ok. Are three a sure damage?' Health education's obstacles in the prevention of multiple risks

机译：风险是可以的。三个肯定会受到损害吗？健康教育在预防多重风险方面的障碍

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摘要

Health education can have unexpected effects, sometimes even harmful, in particular when dealing with, on the one hand, multiple risk pathologies and, on the other, one risk factor that is connected to various different pathologies. Certain unexpected effects can be the result of too much information on prevention or when prevention is too focused on one target. In the first scenario, relativity of the information could arise faced with certain health risks or be used against public health objectives. When information is too focused on one target group, it can create discriminatory reactions for the groups at risk, which can translate into denial of the potential risk by those outside of the target group. Other prevention actions can have an unexpected effect, or none at all, because the target behavior is considered functional for the individual. In order to prevent a risk behavior, it is necessary to take into account the threats it is meant to avoid (concurrent risks) and other risk factors meant to attain the same objectives (substitutable risks). In order to understand and avoid different obstacles, people's beliefs and knowledge, which are often rooted in daily behavior and hence difficult to change, must be taken into account. It is also important to situate behavior in context, identifying its function and the concurrent and substitutable risks, which means researching as well the social sciences. In the future, the need for a global health approach will be evident because prevention of risk behaviors increasingly refers to multiple risks in one same pathology as well as concomitant prevention of multiple pathologies.
机译：健康教育可能会产生意想不到的影响，有时甚至是有害的，特别是在一方面处理多种风险病理，另一方面处理与各种不同病理相关的一种风险因素时。某些意外的后果可能是由于有关预防的信息过多或预防过于关注一个目标而导致的。在第一种情况下，信息的相对性可能会面临某些健康风险，或者被用于公共卫生目标。当信息过于集中于一个目标群体时，它可能会对处于风险中的群体产生歧视性反应，从而转化为目标群体之外的人对潜在风险的否认。其他预防措施可能会产生意想不到的效果，或者根本没有效果，因为目标行为被认为对个人有用。为了预防风险行为，有必要考虑要避免的威胁（并发风险）和达到相同目标的其他风险因素（可替代风险）。为了理解和避免不同的障碍，必须考虑人们的信仰和知识，这些信仰和知识通常植根于日常行为中，因此难以改变。将行为置于情境中，确定其功能以及同时存在和可替代的风险也很重要，这意味着也要研究社会科学。未来，对全球卫生方法的需求将变得显而易见，因为风险行为的预防越来越多地指的是同一病理中的多种风险以及多种疾病的同时预防。

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