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Looking beyond parks: the conservation value of unprotected areas for hornbills in Arunachal Pradesh, Eastern Himalaya

机译：放眼公园之外：喜马拉雅东部阿鲁纳恰尔邦无保护区犀鸟的保护价值

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摘要

The loss of tropical forests and associated biodiversity is a global concern. Conservation efforts in tropical countries such as India have mostly focused on state-administered protected areas despite the existence of vast tracts of forest outside these areas. We studied hornbills (Bucerotidae), an ecologically important vertebrate group and a flagship for tropical forest conservation, to assess the importance of forests outside protected areas in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. We conducted a state-wide survey to record encounters with hornbills in seven protected areas, six state-managed reserved forests and six community-managed unclassed forests. We estimated the density of hornbills in one protected area, four reserved forests and two unclassed forests in eastern Arunachal Pradesh. The state-wide survey showed that the mean rate of encounter of rufous-necked hornbills Aceros nipalensis was four times higher in protected areas than in reserved forests and 22 times higher in protected areas than in unclassed forests. The mean rate of encounter of wreathed hornbills Rhyticeros undulatus was twice as high in protected areas as in reserved forests and eight times higher in protected areas than in unclassed forests. The densities of rufous-necked hornbill were higher inside protected areas, whereas the densities of great hornbill Buceros bicornis and wreathed hornbill were similar inside and outside protected areas. Key informant surveys revealed possible extirpation of some hornbill species at sites in two protected areas and three unclassed forests. These results highlight a paradoxical situation where individual populations of hornbills are being lost even in some legally protected habitat, whereas they continue to persist over most of the landscape. Better protection within protected areas and creative community-based conservation efforts elsewhere are necessary to maintain hornbill populations in this biodiversity-rich region.
机译：热带森林和相关生物多样性的丧失是全球关注的问题。尽管在印度这样的热带国家，保护工作主要集中在国家管理的保护区，尽管这些地区以外还存在着大片森林。我们研究了犀鸟（Bucerotidae），这是一种具有生态重要性的脊椎动物，也是热带森林保护的旗舰，旨在评估印度东北部阿鲁纳恰尔邦保护区以外的森林的重要性。我们进行了一项全州范围的调查，记录了犀鸟在七个保护区，六个国家管理的保留森林和六个社区管理的未分类森林中的遭遇。我们估计了阿鲁纳恰尔邦东部一个保护区，四个保留森林和两个未分类森林中犀鸟的密度。这项全州范围的调查显示，保护区的红颈犀鸟平均接触率是保护区的四倍，而保留区的平均率是未分类森林的22倍。在保护区内，花环犀鸟的平均遭遇率是保护林的两倍，在保护区是未分类森林的八倍。在保护区内，金颈颈犀鸟的密度较高，而在保护区内外，大犀鸟Buceros bicornis和花圈的犀鸟的密度相似。关键知情者调查显示，在两个保护区和三个未分级森林中，某些犀鸟物种可能会灭绝。这些结果凸显了一种矛盾的情况，即即使在一些受到法律保护的栖息地中，犀鸟的个体种群也正在流失，而它们在大多数景观中仍将继续存在。为了在这个生物多样性丰富的地区维持犀鸟种群，有必要在保护区内提供更好的保护，并在其他地方开展基于社区的创新性保护工作。

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