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Beyond conflict: exploring the spectrum of human-wildlife interactions and their underlying mechanisms

机译：超越冲突：探索人野生动物互动的谱及其潜在机制

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Humans have lived alongside and interacted with wild animals throughout evolutionary history. Even though wild animals can damage property, or injure humans and domesticated animals, not all interactions between humans and wildlife are negative. Yet, research has tended to focus disproportionately on negative interactions leading to negative outcomes, labelling this human-wildlife conflict. Studies have identified several factors, ranging from gender, religion, socio-economics and literacy, which influence people's responses to wildlife. We used the ISI Web of Knowledge database to assess quantitatively how human-wildlife interactions are framed in the scientific literature and to understand the hypotheses that have been invoked to explain these. We found that the predominant focus of research was on human-wildlife conflict (71%), with little coverage of coexistence (2%) or neutral interactions (8%). We suggest that such a framing is problematic as it can lead to biases in conservation planning by failing to consider the nuances of people's relationships with wildlife and the opportunities that exist for conservation. We propose a typology of human responses to wildlife impacts, ranging from negative to positive, to help moderate the disproportionate focus on conflict. We suggest that standardizing terminology and considering interactions beyond those that are negative can lead to a more nuanced understanding of human-wildlife relations and help promote greater coexistence between people and wildlife. We also list the various influential factors that are reported to shape human-wildlife interactions and, to generate further hypotheses and research, classify them into 55 proximate (correlates) and five ultimate (mechanisms) factors.
机译：人类在整个进化历史上居住并与野生动物相互作用。尽管野生动物可能会损害财产，或伤害人类和驯养动物，但并非人类和野生动物之间的所有相互作用都是消极的。然而，研究已经倾向于对导致消极结果的负面相互作用，标志着这种人野生动物冲突。研究已经确定了几个因素，从性别，宗教，社会经济和扫盲范围内，影响人们对野生动物的反应。我们使用知识数据库的ISI网络定量评估人野生动物互动如何在科学文献中陷害，并理解已援引以解释这些的假设。我们发现，研究的主要焦点是人野生动物冲突（71％），共存（2％）或中性相互作用的覆盖范围很少（8％）。我们建议这样的框架是有问题的，因为它可能导致保护计划的偏见未能考虑人们与野生动物的关系和存在保护的机会。我们提出了对野生动物影响的人类反应的类型，从负面影响到积极，以帮助缓和对冲突的不成比例。我们建议，标准化术语和考虑到否定人员的互动会导致对人类野生动物关系的更加细致的了解，并有助于促进人与野生动物之间的更大共存。我们还列出了据报道的各种影响因素，旨在塑造人野生动物相互作用，并产生进一步的假设和研究，将它们分类为55近（相关）和五个终极（机制）因素。

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