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A socio-ecological landscape analysis of human-wildlife conflict in northern Botswana

机译：北博茨瓦纳人野生动物冲突的社会生态景观分析

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Human-wildlife conflict is one of the most pressing issues in conservation. Low-income rural communities are disproportionately affected by negative interactions with large predators, which often leads to retaliatory killings and persecution of the animals. To overcome this, socio-ecological studies that merge existing knowledge of large predator ecology with long-term livestock depredation monitoring are required. We examined patterns and drivers of livestock depredation in northern Botswana, using a mixed effects model of the government's long-term monitoring data on human-wildlife conflict, to identify ways to reduce depredation at key spatial and temporal scales. We compared the results to farmers' understanding of their personal risk within the landscape. We analysed 342 depredation events that occurred during 2008-2016, using variables measured at different scales. The variables affecting the locations of depredation events at the 2-km scale were distance to protected areas and predator and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. At a 1-km scale, herbivore density did not have a significant effect, but the effect of other variables was unchanged. The 4-km scale model was influenced by livestock and herbivore density, with increased depredation in the wet season. Livestock depredation could be reduced by establishing an 8-km livestock-free buffer along the protected area boundary. There was disparity between government data on human-wildlife conflict, depredation reported by farmers in interviews and farmers' risk awareness. Farmers would benefit from workshops providing tools to make evidence-based decisions and minimize their risk of negative interactions with wildlife. This would ultimately contribute to wildlife conservation in the Kavango-Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area.
机译：人野生动物冲突是保护中最紧迫的问题之一。低收入农村社区对与大型捕食者的负面相互作用不成比例地影响，这往往导致动物的报复性和迫害动物。为了克服这一点，需要合并大型捕食者生态学知识与长期牲畜掠夺监测的社会生态学研究。我们在北部博茨瓦纳举行的牲畜掠夺模式和司机，利用政府长期监测数据对人野生动物冲突的混合效果模型，确定了减少关键空间和颞尺度的掠夺的方法。我们将结果与农民在景观内的个人风险的理解中进行了比较。我们分析了2008 - 2016年期间发生的342个皱痕事件，使用不同尺度测量的变量。影响2公里规模的掠夺事件位置的变量是与受保护区域和捕食者和食草动物密度的距离，随着湿季的掠夺增加。在1公里的比例下，食草动物密度没有显着影响，但其他变量的效果不变。 4公里的比例模型受牲畜和食草动物密度的影响，潮湿季节增加了掠夺。通过建立沿着保护区域边界建立8公里的无牲畜缓冲区，可以减少畜牧掠夺。关于人野生动物冲突的政府数据之间存在差异，农民在采访中报告的掠夺和农民的风险意识。农民将从讲习班中受益，提供工具，以便做出基于证据的决策，并尽量减少与野生动物负面相互作用的风险。这将有助于Kavango-Zambezi跨境保护区的野生动物保护。

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