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RED SWAN: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise

机译：红色天鹅：促进中国崛起的政策制作如何

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Over the past ten years, Sebastian Heilmann has developed a useful approach to understanding China's post-1978 economic and political success that is centred on the argument that a distinctive style of governance has given the regime an unusual degree of resilience and adaptability. Red Swan brings together revised versions of seven of his previously published articles, all of which are squarely focused on describing the governance model that Heilmann sees in China. While there is naturally a degree of repedtion across chapters, the book is more than simply the sum of its parts, as it provides an in-depth and comprehensive argument about how unorthodox modes of governance have facilitated China's rise. The brief introduction sets out the approach taken and main points that are developed further in subsequent chapters. Heilmann puts aside traditional models of political systems (authoritarian, one-party, democratic, etc.), and instead draws on analytical approaches found in the field of policy studies, focusing on the "political and administrative methodologies" used in policy subsystems. His concern is with "the typical mechanisms that bring otherwise cumbersome bureaucracies and static constitutional rules to life" (3). One set of mechanisms emerged during the Maoist era around what Heilmann calls a "guerilla-style policy-making" approach that facilitates constant and rapid adaptation to changes. A second set forms "a special methodology for policy experimentation" (3) that opens up a wide range of opportunities for action in what might otherwise be a slow-moving highly bureaucratic system. A well-developed system for development planning is highlighted as a third key aspect of China's governance approach. The fourth and final methodology singled out by Heilmann is the system of evaluating officials on the basis of political priorities and specific performance targets. In sum, Heilmann argues that "in the Chinese political system decisions, policies, and plans cannot be regarded as a single, distinct, or formalized outcome but rather as a chain of statements, documents, and iterative rounds of implementation trials and governance" (14). Moreover, although this system has clear deficiencies and shortcomings, it has proven unexpectedly adaptable and versatile in many policy fields, accounting for a number of policy successes that have enabled China to maintain a successful developmental trajectory.
机译：在过去的十年中，塞巴斯蒂安黑勒曼制定了一种理解中国1978年后的经济和政治成功的有用方法，这些成就是一种符合着一种独特的治理风格，使政权具有不寻常的韧性和适应性。红天鹅汇集了他以前发表的七篇文章的修订版本，所有这些都是正度集中在描述Heilmann在中国看到的治理模型。虽然跨章节自然是一定程度的回报，但这本书不仅仅是其部件的总和，因为它提供了关于如何促进中国崛起的非正统的理论态度的深入和综合争论。简介简介阐述了随后章节中进一步开发的方法和主要观点。 Heilmann抛开了传统的政治制度模型（专制，一方，民主等），而是借鉴了政策研究领域的分析方法，重点是政策子系统中使用的“政治和行政方法”。他的关注是“典型的机制，带来纠正官僚机构和静态宪法规则生命”（3）。在毛主员时代，海尔曼呼吁“Guerilla风格的政策制定”方法在毛主员时代出现了一套机制，这促进了持续和快速适应变化。第二组“政策实验的特殊方法”（3），为行动的广泛机会开辟了否则可能是一种缓慢移动的高度官僚系统。作为中国治理方法的第三个关键方面，突出了一个开发的开发系统系统。由Heilmann挑选的第四个和最终方法是在政治优先事项和具体绩效目标的基础上评估官员的制度。总而言之，海尔曼辩称，“在中国政治制度决定，政策和计划中不能被视为单一，独特或正式的结果，而是作为一系列陈述，文件和迭代一轮的执行审判和治理”（ 14）。此外，虽然该系统具有明显的缺陷和缺点，但在许多政策领域已经证明意外适应和多才多艺，占使中国能够保持成功发展轨迹的一些政策成功。

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  • 来源
    《Pacific Affairs》 |2019年第2期|328-330|共3页
  • 作者

    Kenneth W. Foster;

  • 作者单位

    Concordia College Moorhead USA;

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