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Lightweight Location Verification Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks

机译：无线传感器网络的轻量级位置验证算法

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摘要

The knowledge of sensors' locations is crucial information for many applications in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). When sensor nodes are deployed in hostile environments, the localization schemes are vulnerable to various attacks, e.g., wormhole attack, pollution attack, range enlargement/reduction attack, and etc. Therefore, sensors' locations are not trustworthy and need to be verified before they can be used by location-based applications. Previous verification schemes either require group-based deployment knowledge of the sensor field, or depend on expensive or dedicated hardware, thus they cannot be used for low-cost sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a lightweight location verification system that performs both “on-spot” and “in-region” location verifications. The on-spot verification intends to verify whether the locations claimed by sensors are far from their true spots beyond a certain distance. We propose two algorithms that detect abnormal locations by exploring the inconsistencies between sensors' claimed locations and their neighborhood observations. The in-region verification verifies whether a sensor is inside an application-specific verification region. Compared to on-spot verification, the in-region verification is tolerable to large errors as long as the locations of sensors don't cause the application to malfunction. We study how to derive the verification region for different applications and design a probabilistic algorithm to compute in-region confidence for each sensor. Experiment results show that our on-spot and in-region algorithms can verify sensors' locations with high detection rate and low false positive rate. They are robust in the presence of malicious attacks that are launched during the verification process. Moreover, compared with previous verification schemes, our algorithms are effective and lightweight because they do not rely on the knowledge of deployment of senso- s, and they don't require expensive or dedicated hardware, so our algorithms can be used in any low-cost sensor networks.
机译：对于无线传感器网络（WSN）中的许多应用，传感器的位置知识是至关重要的信息。当传感器节点部署在敌对环境中时，定位方案容易受到各种攻击，例如，虫洞攻击，污染攻击，范围扩大/缩小攻击等。因此，传感器的位置不可靠，需要先进行验证可以由基于位置的应用程序使用。先前的验证方案要么需要传感器领域的基于组的部署知识，要么取决于昂贵或专用的硬件，因此它们不能用于低成本的传感器网络。在本文中，我们提出了一种轻量级的位置验证系统，该系统可以执行“现场”和“区域内”位置验证。现场验证旨在验证传感器声称的位置是否在一定距离内远离其真实点。我们提出了两种算法，通过探索传感器要求保护的位置与其附近的观测值之间的不一致来检测异常位置。区域内验证可验证传感器是否在特定于应用程序的验证区域内。与现场验证相比，只要传感器的位置不引起应用程序出现故障，就可以对较大的错误进行区域内验证。我们研究如何为不同的应用程序导出验证区域，并设计一种概率算法来计算每个传感器的区域置信度。实验结果表明，我们的现场和区域内算法能够以较高的检测率和较低的假阳性率来验证传感器的位置。如果存在在验证过程中发起的恶意攻击，它们将非常强大。而且，与以前的验证方案相比，我们的算法有效且轻巧，因为它们不依赖于传感器的部署知识，并且不需要昂贵或专用的硬件，因此我们的算法可用于任何低端的算法。成本传感器网络。

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