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Introduction

机译：介绍

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Gene patenting has captured the headlines for the past four years, thanks in large part to the lawsuit the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the Public Patent Foundation (PUBPAT) brought against Myriad Genetics for the patents on the breast cancer genes, BRCA 1 and 2. Despite their recent celebrity, human gene patents have been granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) for over thirty years. The commodification of the human body is not all that recent: one might be tempted to argue that gene patenting is the inevitable next step in the commodification of natural processes and products. Edward Yoxen dates the origins of the technological capitalization of life back to the 1920s (Yoxen 1981; Gaudilliere 2008). Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite maintain that, "The patenting of genes [...] was the culmination of a business approach that had been evolving in the chemical, agricultural, seed and pharmaceutical sectors for all of the 20th century" (Drahos and Braithwaite 2002, p. 158). However, it seems to me the patenting of genes raises critical concerns, which distinguish it from the patenting of other biological entities, such as the inability to patent around the gene and the corresponding ability potentially to block downstream research on diagnostics and therapeutics, resulting in the exorbitant cost of a number of genetic tests, as this volume addresses.
机译：在过去四年中，基因专利已成为头条新闻，这在很大程度上要归功于美国公民自由联盟（ACLU）和公共专利基金会（PUBPAT）对Myriad Genetics提出的乳腺癌基因BRCA 1专利诉讼2.尽管最近受到了名人的青睐，人类基因专利已获得美国专利商标局（USPTO）三十多年的授权。人体的商品化还不是最近。有人可能会争辩说，基因专利化是自然过程和产品商品化的必然步骤。爱德华·尤克森（Edward Yoxen）可以将生命的技术资本化的历史追溯到1920年代（约克森（Yoxen）1981；高迪利耶（Gaudilliere）2008）。彼得·德拉霍斯（Peter Drahos）和约翰·布雷思韦特（John Braithwaite）坚持认为，“基因专利是20世纪整个化学，农业，种子和制药领域不断发展的商业方法的结晶。”（drahos和braithwaite 2002年，第158页）。但是，在我看来，基因专利申请引起了人们的严重关注，这使其与其他生物实体的专利申请区别开来，例如无法在该基因周围申请专利，以及相应的潜在阻碍诊断和治疗的下游研究的能力，正如本卷所指出的那样，许多基因测试的成本过高。

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