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Economic Considerations

机译：经济考虑

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Much of the success in oil sands development during the past decade has come as a result of improved economics. The graph of Fig. 6.1 makes this clear. In 1983, it cost around $40 (Canadian) to mine and extract a barrel of bitumen. This was not promising at a time when oil prices had dropped below $30 a bbl and were destined to fall still further. By 1997, however, when oil prices were above $25/bbl, this figure for a barrel of bitumen had decreased to less than $20. Oil sands were an established, profitable enterprise on a large and growing scale. Since 1997, costs for bitumen production have dropped still further, to around $12-18 ($8-14 U.S.), even as oil prices have continued to climb. Beginning in 2003, it was possible for oil sands projects to realize a 20% or higher rate of return. In early 2005, with oil prices above (U.S.) $45/bbl, operators indicated returns as high as 40% (on a temporary basis at least) for some projects, though for SAGD operations—which are energy intensive and reliant on natural gas for steam generation—higher energy prices have increased costs and reduced profits somewhat. In late 2004, operators were reporting unit (per-bbl) supply costs for SAGD projects ranging from $14-22 (Canadian) (Moritis, 2005; Rach, 2005).
机译：在过去十年中，油砂开发的许多成功归功于经济状况的改善。图6.1的图形清楚地表明了这一点。 1983年，开采和提取一桶沥青的成本约为40美元（加拿大）。在油价跌至每桶30美元以下并注定要进一步下跌的时候，这是没有希望的。然而，到1997年，当油价超过25美元/桶时，每桶沥青的这一价格已降至不足20美元。油砂是一个规模庞大且不断增长的成熟，盈利企业。自1997年以来，即使石油价格持续攀升，沥青生产成本仍进一步下降，降至约12-18美元（约合8-14美元）。从2003年开始，油砂项目有可能实现20％或更高的回报率。在2005年初，油价超过了每桶45美元（美国），运营商表示某些项目的回报率高达40％（至少在临时基础上），尽管SAGD运营是能源密集型项目，并且依赖天然气。产生蒸汽—更高的能源价格增加了成本，并减少了利润。在2004年末，运营商报告SAGD项目的单位（每桶）供应成本为14-22美元（加拿大）（Moritis，2005； Rach，2005）。

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