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Open quantum systems, effective Hamiltonians, and device characterization

机译：开放式量子系统，有效的哈密顿量和器件表征

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摘要

High fidelity models, which are able to both support accurate device characterization and correctly account for environmental effects, are crucial to the engineering of scalable quantum technologies. As it ensures positivity of the density matrix, one preferred model of open systems describes the dynamics with a master equation in Lindblad form. In practice, Linblad operators are rarely derived from first principles, and often a particular form of annihilator is assumed. This results in dynamical models that miss those additional terms which must generally be added for the master equation to assume the Lindblad form, together with the other concomitant terms that must be assimilated into an effective Hamiltonian to produce the correct free evolution. In first principles derivations, such additional terms are often canceled (or countered), frequently in a somewhat ad hoc manner, leading to a number of competing models. Whilst the implications of this paper are quite general, to illustrate the point we focus here on an example anharmonic system; specifically that of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) coupled to an Ohmic bath. The resulting master equation implies that the environment has a significant impact on the system's energy; we discuss the prospect of keeping or canceling this impact and note that, for the SQUID, monitoring the magnetic susceptibility under control of the capacitive coupling strength and the externally applied flux results in experimentally measurable differences between a number of these models. In particular, one should be able to determine whether a squeezing term of the form XP + PX should be present in the effective Hamiltonian or not. If model generation is not performed correctly, device characterization will be prone to systemic errors.
机译：高保真模型既能够支持准确的器件表征，又能够正确考虑环境影响，对于可扩展量子技术的工程设计至关重要。因为它可以确保密度矩阵的正性，所以一个开放系统的首选模型使用Lindblad形式的主方程来描述动力学。在实践中，Linblad算子很少来自第一性原理，并且通常采用特定形式的an灭者。这导致动力学模型缺少那些通常必须添加以使主方程采用Lindblad形式的附加项以及必须同化为有效哈密顿量以产生正确的自由演化的其他伴随项的动力学模型。在第一原理推导中，经常以某种临时的方式经常取消（或反驳）这些附加项，从而导致出现许多竞争模型。尽管本文的含义相当笼统，但为了说明这一点，我们将重点放在示例非谐系统上。特别是耦合到欧姆浴的超导量子干涉仪（SQUID）。由此产生的主方程式表明，环境对系统的能量有重大影响；我们讨论了保持或消除这种影响的前景，并注意到，对于SQUID，在电容耦合强度和外部施加的磁通量的控制下监视磁化率会导致许多模型之间实验上可测量的差异。特别是，应该能够确定有效哈密顿量中是否应存在XP + PX形式的压缩项。如果未正确执行模型生成，则设备表征将容易出现系统错误。

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  • 来源
    《Physical review》 |2017年第13期|134520.1-134520.9|共9页
  • 作者

    S. N. A. Duffus; V. M. Dwyer; M. J. Everitt;

  • 作者单位

    Quantum Systems Engineering Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LEI I 3TU, United Kingdom,Department of Physics, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom;

    Quantum Systems Engineering Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LEI I 3TU, United Kingdom,Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LEI 1 3TU, United Kingdom;

    Quantum Systems Engineering Research Group, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LEI I 3TU, United Kingdom,Department of Physics, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, United Kingdom;

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