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Giant impacts in the Saturnian system: A possible origin of diversity in the inner mid-sized satellites

机译：对土星系统的巨大影响：内部中型卫星的多样性起源

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It is widely accepted that Titan and the mid-sized regular satellites around Saturn were formed in the circum-Saturn disk. Thus, if these mid-sized satellites were simply accreted by collisions of similar ice-rock satellitesimals in the disk, the observed wide diversity in density (i.e., the rock fraction) of the Saturnian mid-sized satellites is enigmatic. A recent circumplanetary disk model suggests satellite growth in an actively supplied circumplanetary disk, in which Titan-sized satellites migrate inward by interaction with the gas and are eventually lost to the gas planet. Here we report numerical simulations of giant impacts between Titan-sized migrating satellites and smaller satellites in the inner region of the Saturnian disk. Our results suggest that in a giant impact with impact velocity ≥ ～1.4 times the escape velocity and impact angle of ～45°, a smaller satellite is destroyed, forming multiple mid-sized satellites with a very wide diversity in satellite density (the rock fraction=0-92 wt%). Our results of the relationship between the mass and rock fraction of the satellites resulting from giant impacts reproduce the observations of the Saturnian mid-sized satellites. Giant impacts also lead to internal melting of the formed mid-sized satellites, which would initiate strong tidal dissipation and geological activity, such as those observed on Enceladus today and Tethys in the past. Our findings also imply that giant impacts might have affected the fundamental physical property of the Saturnian mid-sized satellites as well as those of the terrestrial planets in the solar system and beyond.
机译：土星周围的土星盘中形成了土卫六和土星周围的中型常规卫星，这是公认的。因此，如果简单地通过盘中类似的冰岩卫星小动物的碰撞使这些中型卫星增生，那么所观测到的土星中型卫星的密度（即岩石分数）的广泛多样性是难以捉摸的。最近的一个行星行星盘模型表明，卫星在活跃提供的行星行星盘中生长，其中泰坦大小的卫星通过与气体的相互作用向内迁移，最终丢失给了气体星球。在这里，我们报告土星盘内部区域中土卫六大小的迁移卫星与较小的卫星之间巨大撞击的数值模拟。我们的研究结果表明，在撞击速度≥〜1.4倍，逃逸速度和〜45°撞击角的巨大撞击中，一颗较小的卫星被摧毁，形成了多颗中型卫星，卫星密度差异很大（岩石部分= 0-92 wt％）。我们对巨大撞击造成的卫星质量与岩石部分之间关系的结果，再现了土星中型卫星的观测结果。巨大的撞击还导致形成的中型卫星内部融化，这将引发强烈的潮汐消散和地质活动，例如今天在土卫二和过去的特提斯观测到的。我们的发现还暗示，巨大的影响可能已经影响了土星中型卫星以及太阳系及其他系统中的地球行星的基本物理属性。

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