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Geodesy instrument package on the Moon for improving our knowledge of the Moon and the realization of reference frames

机译：月球上的大地测量仪器套件，用于改进我们对月球的了解和参考系的实现

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The use of passive Laser reflectors on the lunar surface has been the most attractive in the Apollo era among alternative measurement techniques, but the laser link margin is very small, permitting only very few stations to obtain valid measurements. Therefore the next generation of the LLR (Lunar Laser Ranging) technique should aim for a substantial improvement. We propose a one-way ranging concept involving Laser transponders. A particular strength of this proposed experiment is given when several stations are ranging to the Moon simultaneously and/or when several geodetic stations on the Moon are used simultaneously, as this is expected to improve the modeling geometry and data quality. The proposed experiment may well initiate the installation of new observing stations on Earth - perhaps within the infrastructure of existing astronomical observatories. At the same time it allows many more SLR (Satellite Laser Ranging) stations from the existing network to obtain measurements from the Moon. In the case of the beacon mode, only passive optical receivers are needed on the ground. In addition, we propose to deploy and operate a microwave receiver/transmitter with precisely known mechanical local ties to the laser beacon/receiver, which will permit observations of the tangential position of the Moon with respect to the celestial frame. We also propose to include a GNSS microwave transmitter into the equipment realizing a "GPS/Galileo satellite on the Moon" that is tracked together with GNSS satellites by receivers on the ground and possibly on a future generation of GNSS satellites. The ultimate objectives of our proposal are threefold, the improvement of the reference frames for the Earth, a better understanding of the Moon's interior, and a better determination of the parameters of General Relativity.
机译：在月球表面上使用无源激光反射镜在阿波罗时代是替代测量技术中最有吸引力的方法，但是激光链路余量很小，仅允许很少的站点获得有效的测量结果。因此，下一代LLR（月球激光测距）技术应致力于大幅改进。我们提出一种涉及激光应答器的单向测距概念。当多个测站同时到达月球和/或同时使用月球上的多个大地测量站时，将提供此拟议实验的特殊优势，因为这有望改善建模几何和数据质量。拟议的实验很可能会启动地球上新的观测站的安装-也许是在现有天文观测站的基础设施内。同时，它允许现有网络中的更多SLR（卫星激光测距）站从月球获取测量数据。在信标模式下，地面上仅需要无源光接收器。另外，我们建议部署和操作与激光信标/接收器具有确切已知机械局部联系的微波接收器/发送器，这将允许观察月球相对于天体的切线位置。我们还建议在设备中包括GNSS微波发射器，以实现“月球GPS /伽利略卫星”，地面接收器（可能还包括下一代GNSS卫星）将其与GNSS卫星一起跟踪。我们提议的最终目标是三方面的：改进地球参考系，更好地了解月球内部以及更好地确定广义相对论的参数。

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