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Multi-spacecraft study of foreshock cavitons upstream of the quasi-parallel bow shock

机译：准平行弓形激波上游前震空洞的多航天器研究

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In this work we perform the first multi-spacecraft analysis of two foreshock cavitons observed by the Cluster spacecraft. We also study the characteristics of their surrounding regions. Foreshock cavitons are a relatively new type of phenomena in the Earth's foreshock. They appear in regions deep inside the foreshock and are therefore always immersed in a sea of ULF waves and suprathermal particles. In the observational data the cavitons appear as simultaneous depressions of interplanetary magnetic field and plasma density. The two cavitons presented here have highly structured interiors and exhibit surface irregularities. They propagate sunwards in the reference frame of the solar wind plasma. Since their velocities are smaller than the solar wind velocity, the cavitons are converted towards the Earth by the solar wind flow. Their sizes are comparable to the size of the Earth. We show that the cavitons are different from other foreshock phenomena, such as cavities. The latter are thought to form by thermal expansion due to the excess of thermal pressure caused by intense flux of suprathermal ions in their interiors. Thermal pressure inside the cavitons is the same as in their surroundings, so they cannot form in this way. The proposed mechanism for the caviton formation includes nonlinear interactions between different types of ULF waves deep inside the foreshock.
机译：在这项工作中，我们对星团型航天器观测到的两个前兆空洞进行了首次多航天器分析。我们还研究了其周边地区的特征。前兆空洞是地球前兆中一种相对较新的现象。它们出现在前震的深处，因此总是沉浸在ULF波和超热粒子的海洋中。在观测数据中，空洞表现为行星际磁场和等离子体密度的同时下降。这里展示的两个空洞具有高度结构化的内部空间，并且表面不规则。它们在太阳风等离子体的参考系中向太阳传播。由于空洞的速度小于太阳风的速度，因此空洞会通过太阳风向地球转换。它们的大小与地球的大小相当。我们表明，空洞不同于其他前兆现象，例如空洞。后者被认为是由于超热离子在其内部的强烈通量引起的热压过大而由热膨胀形成的。空洞内部的热压与周围环境相同，因此无法以这种方式形成。提出的鱼尾纹形成机理包括在前兆深处不同类型的ULF波之间的非线性相互作用。

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