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Improved bow shock model with dependence on the IMF strength

机译：依赖于IMF强度的改进的弓形冲击模型

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The presence of the bow shock in front of an obstacle immersed into a supersonic flow of collisionless plasma has been theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed more than 40 years ago. However, in spite of a great effort of theoreticians and experimenters, we are still not able to predict the bow shock location under varying upstream conditions with a sufficient accuracy. Gasdynamic and MHD models cannot account for kinetics effects, whereas the kinetic models can be used only to study particular phenomena due to limited computer capacity. Models based on fits of experimental data usually expect that the bow shock location is a simple function of several upstream parameters as the solar wind dynamic pressure, upstream Mach number, and direction or magnitude of the interplanetary magnetic field. Since the bow shock location would be determined by the downstream parameters, these models implicitly assume that these parameters are unambiguously determined by the upstream conditions. The uncertainty of the bow shock prediction is usually attributed to the uncertainty in determination of the upstream state or to an irregular bow shock motion. We have accumulated a large set of bow shock crossings observed by INTERBALL-1, MAGION-4, GEOTAIL, IMP 8, and CLUSTER-2 spacecraft and complemented this set with upstream measurements of WIND with motivation to improve the accuracy of a prediction of the bow shock location provided by the Nemecek and Safrankova (J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 53 (1991) 1049) model. Although proposed corrections conserve a simplicity of the original model, they decrease significantly the most probable error of the prediction.
机译：从理论上已经预测并在40多年前通过实验证实了浸没在无碰撞等离子体的超音速流中的障碍物前面的弓激波的存在。但是，尽管理论家和实验者付出了巨大的努力，我们仍然无法以足够的精度预测在变化的上游条件下的弓形激波位置。气体动力学和MHD模型无法解释动力学影响，而动力学模型由于计算机容量有限而只能用于研究特定现象。基于实验数据拟合的模型通常期望弓形激波位置是几个上游参数（如太阳风动压，上游马赫数以及行星际磁场的方向或大小）的简单函数。由于弓激波冲击的位置将由下游参数确定，因此这些模型隐含地假定这些参数由上游条件明确确定。弓形冲击预测的不确定性通常归因于上游状态确定中的不确定性或不规则的弓形冲击运动。我们已经积累了INTERBALL-1，MAGION-4，GEOTAIL，IMP 8和CLUSTER-2航天器观测到的大量弓激波穿越，并用WIND的上游测量值对这套飞行器进行了补充，以提高预报精度。 Nemecek和Safrankova（J. Atmos。Terr。Phys。53（1991）1049）模型提供的弓激波定位。尽管建议的校正保留了原始模型的简单性，但它们显着降低了预测中最可能出现的误差。

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