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Combination of infrasound signals and complementary data for the analysis of bright fireballs

机译：次声信号和补充数据的组合，用于分析明亮的火球

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摘要

The flux densities of meteoroids and asteroids in the intermediate size range (approx. 20 cm - 30 m) impacting the Earth's Atmosphere still have large uncertainties. There are too few objects of these sizes to be detected with localized fireball networks. Two detection methods that provide a global coverage of fireballs and bolides in this size range are infrasound monitors and space-based satellite sensors. Results from these sensors have large uncertainties specifically what concerns the energy release of the impacting bodies. In this paper a detailed analysis of infrasound data is performed to better understand recorded signals and uncertainties. This will allow to put the analysis and interpretation of infrasound data from impacts on a more solid scientific basis.Atmospheric impacts from large meteoroids or sometimes even asteroids generate infrasound signals which can often propagate over large distances and be registered at infrasound stations. The world-wide network of infrasound stations from the IMS (International Monitoring System) which is operated by the CTBTO (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organisation, Vienna, Austria) monitors most of the Earth's Atmosphere and can detect the energy released by meteoroids. Hence, fireball infrasound signals can be used as a very promising information source for fireball research.Nonetheless, the data analysis is very complex and a topic of current discussions and research. In this paper a detailed analysis of the infrasound signals of some fireballs is carried out to be adapted to systematically calculate location, speed, and size or energy of the impacting objects from the infrasound data. Comparisons of other observation methods are also used for this purpose. Moreover, particular attention is paid to uncertainties in the analysis of infrasound data.The infrasound data analysis is part of the NEMO (NEar real-time MOnitoring system) project which started in autumn 2017. It is an information system analysing and combining data from multiple sources ranging from Social Media to infrasound data to monitor the impacts of fireballs on a global scale and to maximize the available scientific information.The infrasound data of the well-studied Chelyabinsk superbolide that exploded over southern Russia in 2013 and the Sulawesi, Indonesia, fireball that was registered in 2009 are reprocessed and the results compared to previous studies.To demonstrate the capacities and advantages of infrasound for the gathering of scientific information two recent fireballs are analysed in detail. These occurred on 08 March 2018 over Washington State (WS), USA, and on 21 June 2018 over the Ozerki region, Russia, respectively. For both fireballs infrasound signals were recorded making it possible to determine the source energy. We derived energies of about E-WS = 22 t TNT and E-Russia = 2.4 kt TNT using a published yield estimation relationship. Combining all available different data sources, which have information on these fireballs, ranging from rain radar to witness reports allowed us to derive a size (diameter) of the entering body in both cases, s(WS) = 0.8 m and. s(Russia) = 3.8 m.
机译：流星体和小行星的通量密度在影响地球大气的中等大小范围（约20 cm-30 m）内仍然存在很大的不确定性。本地火球网络无法检测到这些大小的物体。次声监测器和天基卫星传感器是在这种大小范围内提供火球和爆炸物全球覆盖的两种检测方法。这些传感器的结果具有很大的不确定性，尤其是与撞击物体的能量释放有关的不确定性。在本文中，对次声数据进行了详细分析，以更好地了解所记录的信号和不确定性。这将使来自撞击的次声数据的分析和解释更为坚实的科学基础。大型流星体或有时甚至是小行星的大气撞击会产生次声信号，这些信号通常可以传播很远的距离并在次声台站记录。由CTBTO（全面禁止核试验条约组织，奥地利维也纳）运营的IMS（国际监测系统）的次声台站全球网络可监测地球大部分大气层，并可检测到流星体释放的能量。因此，火球次声信号可以作为火球研究的一个很有前途的信息源。然而，数据分析非常复杂，是当前讨论和研究的主题。在本文中，对一些火球的次声信号进行了详细分析，以适应于根据次声数据系统地计算撞击物体的位置，速度，大小或能量。其他观察方法的比较也用于此目的。此外，尤其要注意次声数据分析中的不确定性。次声数据分析是于2017年秋天启动的NEMO（NEar实时监测系统）项目的一部分。这是一个信息系统，用于分析和合并来自多个部门的数据来源从社交媒体到次声数据，以监测火球在全球范围内的影响并最大程度地利用现有的科学信息.2013年，俄罗斯南部爆发的车里雅宾斯克超硫化物的次声数据爆炸，印度尼西亚苏拉威西岛爆炸了火球对2009年注册的火球进行了重新处理，并将结果与​​以前的研究进行了比较。为了证明次声在收集科学信息方面的能力和优势，详细分析了两个最近的火球。这些事件分别于2018年3月8日在美国华盛顿州（WS）和2018年6月21日在俄罗斯Ozerki地区发生。对于两个火球，次声信号都被记录下来，从而有可能确定源能量。使用已发布的产量估算关系式，我们得出了大约E-WS = 22 t TNT和E-Russia = 2.4 kt TNT的能量。结合所有可用的有关这些火球信息的不同数据源（从雨水雷达到目击者报告），我们可以得出两种情况下进入物体的大小（直径），s（WS）= 0.8 m和。 s（俄罗斯）= 3.8 m。

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