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Signals exchanged between legumes and Rhizobium: agricultural uses and perspectives

机译：豆科植物和根瘤菌之间的信号交换：农业用途和前景

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Legumes and rhizobia exchange at least three different, but sometimes complementary sets of signals. Amongst the variety of substances normally and continuously secreted into the rhizosphere by plants are phenolic compounds. Flavonoid components of these mixtures are especially active in inducing rhizobial nodulation genes. Many nod-genes exist. Some (e.g., nodD) serve as regulators of transcription, but most code for enzymes involved in the synthesis of a family of lipo-chito-oligosaccharides (LCOs) called Nod-factors. Nod-factors possess hormone-like properties, are key determinants in nodulation, and allow rhizobia to enter the plant. As Nod-factors also stimulate the synthesis and release of flavonoids from legume roots, the response to inoculation is amplified. Once the bacteria enter the plant, other sets of signals are exchanged between the symbionts. These include extra-cellular polysaccharides (EPSs) as well as proteins externalised via type-three secretion systems. These carbohydrates/proteins may be active in invasion of the root. At the time of writing, only flavonoids and Nod-factors have been chemically synthesised and of these only the former are available in large quantities. Field trials in North America show that seed application of flavonoids stimulates nodulation and nitrogen fixation in soybeans grown at low soil temperatures. The biological basis to these responses is discussed.
机译：豆类和根瘤菌交换至少三种不同但有时是互补的信号。酚类化合物是植物通常和连续分泌到根际中的各种物质之一。这些混合物的类黄酮成分在诱导根瘤结节基因中特别活跃。存在许多点头基因。一些（例如，nodD）用作转录的调节剂，但是大多数编码参与称为Nod因子的脂-壳寡糖（LCO）家族的合成的酶。点头因子具有激素样特性，是结瘤中的关键决定因素，并允许根瘤菌进入植物。由于Nod因子还刺激了豆类植物根中黄酮类化合物的合成和释放，因此扩大了对接种的反应。一旦细菌进入植物，共生体之间就会交换其他信号。这些包括细胞外多糖（EPS）以及通过三型分泌系统外在化的蛋白质。这些碳水化合物/蛋白质可能在根部入侵中具有活性。在撰写本文时，仅黄酮类化合物和Nod因子已化学合成，其中只有前者可大量获得。北美的田间试验表明，在低土壤温度下种植的大豆中，黄酮类化合物的播种会刺激其结瘤和固氮作用。讨论了这些反应的生物学基础。

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