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Mycorrhizas and global environmental change: research at different scales

机译：菌根与全球环境变化：不同规模的研究

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Global environmental change (GEC), in particular rising atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature, will affect most ecosystems. The varied responses of plants to these aspects of GEC are well documented. As with other key below-ground components of terrestrial ecosystems, the response of the ubiquitous mycorrhizal fungal root symbionts has received limited attention. Most of the research on the effects of GEC on mycorrhizal fungi has been pot-based with a few field (especially monoculture) studies. A major question that arises in all these studies is whether the GEC effects on the mycorrhizal fungi are independent of the effects on their plant hosts. We evaluate the current knowledge on the effects of elevated CO2 and increased temperature on mycorrhizal fungi and focus on the few available field examples. The value of using long-term and large-scale field experiments is emphasised. We conclude that the laboratory evidence to date shows that the effect of elevated CO2 on mycorrhizal fungi is dependent on plant growth and that temperature effects seen in the past might have reflected a similar dependence. Therefore, how temperature directly affects mycorrhizal fungi remains unknown. In natural ecosystems, we predict that GEC effects on mycorrhizal fungal communities will be strongly mediated by the effects on plant communities to the extent that community level interactions will prove to be the key mechanism for determining GEC-induced changes in mycorrhizal fungal communities.
机译：全球环境变化（GEC），特别是大气中二氧化碳浓度和温度的升高，将影响大多数生态系统。植物对GEC这些方面的不同反应已有充分的文献记载。与陆地生态系统的其他关键地下要素一样，普遍存在的菌根真菌根共生体的响应受到的关注也很有限。关于GEC对菌根真菌的作用的大多数研究都是基于盆栽的，其中有一些现场研究（尤其是单培养）。所有这些研究中出现的主要问题是，GEC对菌根真菌的作用是否独立于对其植物宿主的作用。我们评估了目前有关CO2升高和温度升高对菌根真菌的影响的知识，并着重介绍了一些可用的现场实例。强调了使用长期和大规模现场试验的价值。我们得出的结论是，迄今为止的实验室证据表明，CO2升高对菌根真菌的影响取决于植物的生长，过去观察到的温度效应可能反映了类似的依赖性。因此，温度如何直接影响菌根真菌仍是未知的。在自然生态系统中，我们预测GEC对菌根真菌群落的影响将由对植物群落的影响强烈介导，以致社区水平的相互作用将被证明是确定GEC引起的菌根真菌群落变化的关键机制。

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