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Breeding for better symbiosis

机译：繁殖以改善共生

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The present review gives a critical assessment of the literature dealing with symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes and between AM fungi and most plants. Associative N2 fixation (even though strictly speaking not a symbiotic relationship) does have some characteristics of symbiosis due to mutualistic dependence and usefulness of the relationship, and is therefore covered in this review. Nodulation in the rhizobia–legume symbiosis may be limited by an insufficient amount of the nod-gene inducers released from seed and/or roots. However, there is genotypic variation in the germplasm of legume species in all components of the signalling pathway, suggesting a prospect for improving nodulation by selecting and/or transforming legume genotypes for increased exudation of flavonoids and other signalling compounds. Deciphering chromosomal location as well as cloning nod, nif and other genes important in nodulation and N2 fixation will allow manipulation of the presence and expression of these genes to enhance the symbiotic relationship. Increased efficacy of symbiotic N2 fixation can be achieved by selecting not only the best host genotypes but by selecting the best combination of host genotype and nodule bacteria. As flavonoids exuded by legume seedlings may not only be nod-gene inducers, but also stimulants for hyphal growth of the AM fungi, selecting and/or transforming plants to increase exudation of these flavonoids may result in a double benefit for mycorrhizal legumes. Mutants unable to sustain mycorrhizal colonisation are instrumental in understanding the colonisation process, which may ultimately pay off in breeding for the more effective symbiosis. In conclusion, targeted efforts to breed genotypes for improved N2 fixation and mycorrhizal symbiosis will bring benefits in increased yields of crops under a wide range of environmental conditions and will contribute toward sustainability of agricultural ecosystems in which soil-plant-microbe interactions will be better exploited.
机译：本综述对有关根瘤菌和豆类之间以及AM真菌和大多数植物之间共生的文献进行了重要的评估。 N2 关联固定（即使严格地说不是共生关系）由于相互依赖和关系的实用性而确实具有某些共生特征，因此在本综述中进行介绍。根瘤菌-豆类共生中的结瘤可能受到种子和/或根部释放的nod基因诱导剂数量不足的限制。但是，豆类物种的种质在信号传导途径的所有组成部分中都有基因型变异，这表明通过选择和/或转化豆类基因型以增加类黄酮和其他信号传导化合物的渗出而改善结瘤的前景。破译染色体的位置以及克隆nod，nif和其他在结瘤和N2 固定中重要的基因将允许操纵这些基因的存在和表达，以增强共生关系。通过选择最佳宿主基因型以及选择宿主基因型和根瘤细菌的最佳组合，可以提高共生N2 固定的功效。由于豆类植物幼苗渗出的类黄酮不仅可能是结瘤基因的诱因，而且可能是AM真菌菌丝生长的刺激物，因此选择和/或转化植物以增加这些类黄酮的渗出可能对菌根类豆科植物有双重好处。无法维持菌根定植的突变体有助于理解定植过程，这可能最终会为更有效的共生繁殖带来回报。总之，有针对性地努力育种基因型以改善N2 固定和菌根共生，将在广泛的环境条件下提高农作物的产量，并有助于土壤和植物-微生物相互作用的农业生态系统的可持续性。将得到更好的利用。

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