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首页> 外文期刊>Polar biology >Den site selection of wolves (Canis lupus) in response to declining caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) density in the central Canadian Arctic
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Den site selection of wolves (Canis lupus) in response to declining caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus) density in the central Canadian Arctic

机译：响应加拿大中部北极驯鹿（Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus）密度下降而对狼（Canis lupus）进行的巢穴选择

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摘要

Wolves (Canis lupus) that den on the tundra of the central Arctic prey primarily on migratory barren-ground caribou (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus). Prey densities in the vicinity of den sites are low, however, for a period each summer when caribou migrate to their calving and post-calving ranges. Eskers provide substrate where wolves can excavate den sites, but these landforms make up only a small proportion of the tundra landscape. We investigated the factors that influenced den site selection for wolves on the summer range of the Bathurst caribou herd, Northwest Territories, Canada. We used a long-term data set (1996-2012) of wolf den locations to develop a series of resource selection function (RSF) models representative of broad land-cover types, esker density, and annual variation in seasonal prey availability. We compared a temporal sequence of RSF models to investigate whether wolves altered selection patterns in response to a 90 % decline in caribou abundance (1996-2012). Eskers were selected denning habitat; the distribution of eskers may be limiting when wolf density is high. Covariates representing the seasonal distribution of caribou from early (5-18 July) and late (19 July-22 August) summer were the best predictors of den occurrence; these areas represented reliable availability of caribou over the greatest portion of the denning period. As the caribou herd declined, the seasonal summer ranges contracted northward towards the calving ground. Wolves did not exhibit a similar response. As such, the period of spatial separation between breeding wolves at den sites and the main distribution of caribou increased when herd abundance was low. The lack of a behavioural response is consistent with wolf-prey dynamics observed in other studies that suggest wolves strive to maintain consistent territories even following large decreases in resource availability. Such behaviours reduce fitness and have implications for pup survival and population growth.
机译：狼（犬天狼犬）主要在迁徙的贫瘠地面驯鹿（Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus）上栖息在北极中央猎物的苔原上。然而，在每年夏天的某个时期，驯鹿会迁移到产犊和产犊后的范围内，这些巢穴附近的猎物密度很低。易居者提供了狼可以在其上挖掘巢穴的底物，但这些地貌仅占苔原景观的一小部分。我们调查了影响加拿大西北地区巴瑟斯特驯鹿群夏季范围内狼的窝点选择的因素。我们使用狼窝位置的长期数据集（1996年至2012年）开发了一系列资源选择函数（RSF）模型，这些模型代表了广泛的土地覆盖类型，生态系统密度和季节性猎物可用性的年度变化。我们比较了RSF模型的时间序列，以调查狼是否改变了驯鹿丰度90％的下降（1996-2012）。选择易居者来掩盖栖息地；狼密度高时，居巢者的分布可能会受到限制。代表夏初（7月5日至18日）和夏末（7月19日至8月22日）北美驯鹿的季节性分布的协变量是发生巢穴的最佳预测因子。这些区域代表了在驯养期的大部分时间里驯鹿的可靠供应。随着北美驯鹿群的减少，夏季季节范围向北缩向产犊场。狼没有表现出类似的反应。因此，当牧群数量低时，在窝点的繁殖狼与驯鹿的主要分布之间的空间间隔期会增加。缺乏行为反应与在其他研究中观察到的狼食动态一致，这表明狼即使在资源可利用性大大减少后仍努力保持领土一致。这种行为会降低健康度，并影响幼崽的生存和人口增长。

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