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Subcolony variation in phenology and breeding parameters in little auk Alle alle

机译：小秋千Alle alle物候和繁殖参数的亚殖民地变异

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In seabirds, variation in breeding phenology and success is often induced by macro- and mesoscale fluctuations in oceanographic conditions, which is recordable at the regional or colony scale. Variation in breeding parameters may also exist at the microscale-among discrete breeding aggregations and subcolonies. The aim of this study was to compare breeding phenology and parameters (hatching success, chick survival, chick body mass indices) among little auks {Alle alle) nesting in three subcolonies differing in their microtopographic and microclimatic features, situated in Magdalenefjorden (north-western Spitsbergen). The hatching phenology varied significantly among the subcolonies. This was probably due to the different duration of snow persistence in spring, as nests are occupied as soon as the snow cover melts sufficiently to allow access to them. The earliest hatching was recorded in the subcolony located on steep slopes at low altitude in the vicinity of the fjord, which favours early ice and snow melting in spring. Hatching success differed significantly among subcolonies, which could also have been due to the microclimatic features of the subcolonies. Hatching success was the lowest in the subcolony where birds started to breed while patchy snow was still persisting. Water from the melting snow could have flooded some of the nests. Alternatively, the low hatchability could have been caused by a higher frequency of less experienced breeders (e.g., first-time breeders) among the individuals nesting in this subcolony. Other breeding parameters (chick survival and growth) were generally similar in all the subcolonies.
机译：在海鸟中，育种物候和成功的变化通常是由海洋条件的宏观和中尺度波动引起的，这种波动可在区域或殖民地规模上记录下来。在离散繁殖群体和亚殖民地之间的微观规模上也可能存在繁殖参数的变化。这项研究的目的是比较位于Magdalenefjorden（西北部）的三个亚殖民地的三个小殖民地的小秋科（Alle alle）之间的繁殖物候和参数（孵化成功率，雏鸡存活率，雏鸡体重指数）。 Spitsbergen）。各亚殖民地之间的孵化物候差异很大。这可能是由于春季积雪持续时间的不同，因为一旦积雪融化到足以进入巢穴，巢就会被占用。最早的孵化记录是在峡湾附近低海拔陡坡上的亚殖民地记录的，这有利于春季早期的冰雪融化。子殖民地之间的孵化成功有显着差异，这也可能是由于子殖民地的微气候特征所致。孵化成功率是在亚殖民地中鸟类开始繁殖的最低级别，而零散的积雪仍在持续。融雪产生的水可能淹没了一些巢穴。可替代地，可孵化率低可能是由嵌套在该子殖民地中的个体中经验较少的育种者（例如，初次育种者）的较高频率引起的。在所有亚克隆中，其他育种参数（小鸡存活和生长）通常相似。

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