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The musculoskeletal anatomy of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus): fore- and hindlimb

机译：驯鹿（Rangifer tarandus）的肌肉骨骼解剖：前肢和后肢

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摘要

Reindeer are numerous and widespread across the northern Holarctic. They are efficient long distance migrants and are able to cope with variations in substrate, such as ice, snow, uneven forest floor, wetland and flat grassland. However, as with the vast majority of quadrupedal vertebrates, no quantitative musculoskeletal anatomical information exists for these animals making it difficult to analyse the biomechanics of their locomotor behaviour. In this paper, we describe the gross anatomy of the limb musculature and quantify muscle and tendon morphology. Reindeer show slight hindlimb dominance in muscle and tendon mass, with muscle mass primarily proximally situated and tendon distally situated. Extensor muscles are heavier than flexors, but tendon mass is broadly similar in both extensors and flexors. The only complete quadrupedal data sets available for comparison are for hares and greyhounds making it difficult to identify general patterns. There are no obvious body mass effects and reindeer often comes out as intermediate between hare and greyhound. However, greyhound seem less hindlimb dominated in terms of muscle but both greyhound and hare have much higher masses of tendon compared to reindeer, particularly in their hindlimbs. All these quadrupeds show the commonly observed trait of much larger tendons and less massive muscles in distal limb segments; this reduces the inertial cost of accelerating the limbs. Generally, there is a dearth of available quantitative anatomical data of complete animals. This lack of information is hindering attempts to gain a better understanding of musculoskeletal function in quadrupeds.
机译：驯鹿数量众多，分布在整个北北极地区。他们是高效的长途移民，并能够应对各种基质的变化，例如冰，雪，林地不平坦，湿地和平坦的草地。但是，与绝大多数四足脊椎动物一样，这些动物不存在定量的肌肉骨骼解剖学信息，因此很难分析其运动行为的生物力学。在本文中，我们描述了肢体肌肉的大致解剖结构，并量化了肌肉和肌腱的形态。驯鹿在肌肉和肌腱质量中显示出轻微的后肢优势，其中肌肉质量主要位于近端，而肌腱位于远端。伸肌比屈肌重，但伸肌和屈肌的肌腱质量大致相似。唯一可用于比较的完整四足动物数据集是用于野兔和灵缇的，因此很难识别一般模式。没有明显的体重影响，驯鹿经常作为野兔和灵狮之间的中间人出现。然而，从肌肉上来说，灵缇犬的后肢似乎不太占优势，但是与驯鹿相比，灵缇犬和野兔的肌腱质量要高得多，尤其是在它们的后肢中。所有这些四足动物都表现出通常观察到的特征，即远端肢体节段中的肌腱更大而肌肉较少。这减少了加速肢体的惯性成本。通常，缺乏完整动物的定量解剖数据。缺乏信息阻碍了人们更好地理解四足动物的骨骼肌肉功能。

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  • 来源
    《Polar biology》 |2011年第10期|p.1571-1578|共8页
  • 作者

    Katy Wareing; Peter George Tickle; Karl-Arne Stokkan; Jonathan Richard Codd; William Irvin Sellers;

  • 作者单位

    Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;

    Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;

    Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, University of Troms0, 9037 Troms0, Norway;

    Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;

    Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;

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  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
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  • 关键词

    myology; muscle; tendon; locomotion;

    机译：肌病肌肉;肌腱;运动;

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